High Prevalence of Clinically Active Trachoma and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Preschool-Aged Children in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants in AM-HDSS, Southern Ethiopia from May 01 to June 16, 2019

Variables	Category	Frequency (n=831)	Percentage
Sex of the child	Male	423	50.9
	Female	408	49.1
Age of the child	26–36 months	396	47.7
	37–48 months	277	33.3
	≥49 months	158	19.0
Number of under five years children	Only one	395	47.5
	Two and above	436	52.5
Family size	Less than five	173	20.8
	Five and above	658	79.2
Marital status of the mother or caregiver	Single	46	5.5
	Married	785	94.5
Age of the mother or caregiver	19–34 years	561	67.5
	35–49 years	261	31.4
	≥49 years	9	1.1
Educational status of the mother or caregiver	Not read and write	521	62.7
	Read and write only	26	3.1
	Primary education	199	23.9
	Secondary education	70	8.4
	Vocational and higher education	15	1.8
Caregiver of the child	Mother	810	97.5
	Other*	21	2.5
Educational status of the head of the household	Not read and write	458	55.1
	Read and write only	35	4.2
	Primary education	221	26.6
	Secondary education	94	11.3
	Vocational and higher education	23	2.8
Occupational status of the head of the household	Farmer	640	77.0
	Merchant	40	4.8
	Housewife	35	4.2
	Government employee	26	3.1
	Daily laborer	64	7.7
	Other**	26	3.1

Notes: *Grandparents, Father only, and relatives **Driver, broker, and carpenter.

Table 2 Health and Environmental-Related Characteristics of Study Participants in AM-HDSS, Southern Ethiopia from May 01 to June 16, 2019

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Time is taken to obtain water on walk	≤30 minutes	702	84.5
	>30 minutes	129	15.5
Source of water	Pipe	541	65.1
	Protected well	156	18.8
	Protected spring	112	13.5
	Unprotected spring	22	2.6
Amount of water used per day	Less than 20 liters	443	53.3
	20–40 liters	212	25.5
	60–80 liters	129	15.5
	Greater than 80 liters	47	5.7
Presence of separate room for domestic animals	Yes	427	51.4
	No	404	48.6
Proper latrine utilization	Yes	528	63.5
	No	305	36.5
Place where food is cooking	Separately in the living room	567	68.2
	In the field	9	1.1
	Living room	255	30.7
Travel time to access primary health care unit on a walk	<30 minutes	300	36.1
	>30 minutes but < 2 hours.	465	56.0
	≥2 hours.	66	7.9
Travel time to access drug store/vendor on a walk	<30 minutes	149	17.9
	>30 minutes but < 2 hours.	395	47.5
	≥2 hrs.	287	34.6
Travel time to access trichiasis surgery facility on a walk	<30 minutes	–	–
	>30 minutes but < 2 hours.	–	–
	≥2 hours.	831	100%

Figure 1 Stages of trachoma observed in pre-school children in AM-HDSS, Southern Ethiopia from May 01 to June 16, 2019.

Table 3 Factors Associated with Active Trachoma (TF) or (TI) Among Preschool-Aged Children in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Southern Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Active Trachoma		P-value	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% C.I)
	No	Yes
Time to obtain water  ≤30 minutes  >30 minutes	591(84.2%) 92(71.3%)	111(15.8%) 37(28.7%)	<.001	1 2.1(1.39,3.29)	1 2.8 (1.62,5.09)*
Source of water  Pipe  Protected well  Protected spring  Un protected spring	469(86.7%) 113(72.4%) 84(75.0% 17 (77.3%)	72 (13.3%) 43(27.6%) 28 (25.0%) 5(22.7%)	.155 <.001 .225	1 2.4 (1.61,3.81) 2.1 (1.32,3.56) 1.9(0.68,5.35)	1 1.5(.85,2.63) 3.8(1.86,8.03) 2.2(0.60,8.47)
Presence of animal pens in the living compound  Yes  No	301(75.8%) 382(88.0%)	96 (24.2%) 52 (12.0%)	<.001	2.3(1.61,3.39) 1	5.1 (3.15,8.33)* 1
Mechanism of disposing of dry waste  Proper  Improper	467(88.8%) 216(70.8%)	59(11.2%) 89(29.2%)	<.001	1 3.2 (2.26,4.70)	1 7.8(4.68,13.26)*
Proper latrine utilization  Yes  No	467(88.4%) 216(71.3%)	61(11.6%) 87(28.7%)	<.001	1 3.0 (2.14,4.44)	1 2.5(1.63,3.94)*
Unclean child face (observed)  Yes  No	401(76.7%) 282(91.6%)	122(23.3%) 26(8.4%)	<.001	3.3 (2.10,5.17) 1	3.5(2.12,5.97)* 1
time is taken to reach a primary health care unit on a walk  < 30 minutes  30 minutes to 2 hrs.  >= 2 hrs.	260(86.7%) 370(79.6%) 53(80.3%)	40 (13.3%) 95(20.4%) 13(19.7%)	.230 .271	1 1.6(1.11,2.49) 1.6(0.79,3.18)	1 .65 (.32,1.30) 1.7 (.65,4.64)
time is taken to reach drug store/vendor on a walk  < 30 minutes  30 minutes to 2 hrs.  >= 2 hrs.	126(84.6%) 303(76.7%) 254(88.5%)	23(15.4%) 92 (23.3%) 33(11.5%)	.102 .006	1 1.6 (1.00,2.74) 0.7 (0.40,1.26)	1 2.0(.86,4.80) 0.2(.12,.70)

Note: *Significant at P≤0.05.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COR, crude odds ratio.