Utility Index and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Glaucomatous Patients Comparing with Normal Participants

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Data of Normal and Glaucomatous Group

	Normal (47)	Glaucoma (127)	p-value
Age, mean (SD),	63.78 (6.84),	66.30 (8.93),	0.062^a
Age range, year	56–90	45–88
Sex			0.14^b
Male	16 (34%)	59 (46%)
Female	31 (66%)	68 (54%)
Underlying disease	13 (27.7%)	24 (18.9%)	0.209^b
-Essential hypertension	3 (6.4%)	8 (6.3%)
-Diabetics	5 (10.6%)	10 (7.9%)
-Heart disease	2 (4.2%)	4 (3.1%)
-Dyslipidemia	6 (12.7%)	8 (6.3%)

Notes: ^aStudent’s t-test, ^bChi-squared test.

Table 2 EQ-5D-5L, EQ VAS, VFQ-UI and VFQ-28 Between Normal and Glaucomatous Groups

					95% CI for Mean Difference
	Normal (47) Mean (SD)	Glaucoma (127) Mean (SD)	Mean Difference	p-value	Lower	Upper
EQ-5D-5L	0.874(0.122)	0.837(0.191)	0.037	0.215	−0.022	0.097
EQ VAS	76.06(15.07)	74.02(15.10)	2.048	0.428	−3.043	7.139
VFQ-UI	0.895(0.070)	0.833(0.147)	0.060	0.008	0.016	0.103
VFQ-28	87.21(8.80)	79.65(18.42)	7.552	0.008	2.023	13.080
Student’s t-test

Table 3 EQ-5D-5L, EQ-VAS, VFQ-UI and VFQ-28 Within Glaucomatous Groups

	Early (35) Mean (SD)	Moderate (43) Mean (SD)	Severe (30) Mean (SD)	Blindness One Eye (14) Mean (SD)	Blindness Both Eyes (5) Mean (SD)	p-value
EQ-5D-5L	0.888 (0.096)	0.824 (0.227)	0.868 (0.165)	0.762 (0.249)	0.612 (0.156)	0.012
EQ VAS	75.29 (13.982)	74.42 (15.322)	76.83 (16.054)	68.57 (14.991)	60.00 (7.071)	0.113
VFQ-UI	0.887 (0.095)	0.850 (0.122)	0.857 (0.123)	0.723 (0.196)	0.519 (0.039)	< 0.001
VFQ-28	87.20 (9.523)	82.83 (13.519)	82.26 (16.245)	62.09 (21.840)	33.07 (8.865)	< 0.001
ANOVA

Figure 1 EQ-5D-5L and VFQ-UI bar chart comparing within glaucomatous groups.

Table 4 VFQ-28 Scale Scores Between Normal and Glaucomatous Groups

					95% CI for Mean Difference
	Normal (47)	Glaucoma (127)	Mean Difference	p-value	Lower	Upper
General health	50.00 (23.313)	44.69 (20.077)	5.315	0.140	−1.759	12.389
General vision	72.34(11.461)	66.14(16.235)	6.199	0.017	1.108	11.290
Near activities	84.22(18.572)	74.54(28.508)	9.679	0.032	0.842	18.516
Distant vision	83.19(15.860)	74.57(21.520)	8.625	0.013	1.830	15.419
Driving	82.14(16.730)	71.96(21.260)	10.190	0.054	−0.169	20.540
Peripheral vision	85.64(20.520)	77.46(27.097)	8.178	0.062	−0.417	16.773
Color vision	96.81(11.201)	91.34(21.217)	5.470	0.095	−0.954	11.894
Ocular pain	84.84(19.667)	85.73(17.588)	−0.888	0.775	−7.010	5.235
Role limitation	88.30(18.505)	81.59(29.582)	6.703	0.149	−2.418	15.825
Dependency	95.21(16.802)	83.56(30.322)	11.650	0.014	2.427	20.873
Social function	96.54(7.234)	82.48(24.963)	14.062	< 0.001	6.752	21.372
Mental health	85.64(17.895)	78.46(26.318)	7.174	0.086	−1.033	15.381
Student’s t-test

Figure 2 VFQ-28 scale scores bar chart comparing between normal and glaucomatous groups.

Table 5 VFQ-28 Scale Scores Within Glaucomatous Groups

	Early (35)	Moderate (43)	Severe (30)	Blindness in One Eye (14)	Blindness in Both Eyes (5)	p-value
General health	42.86(19.714)	44.77(17.727)	50.00(26.261)	35.71(12.839)	50.00(0.00)	0.237
General vision	70.86(16.34)	66.51(16.17)	66.67(12.13)	62.86(10.69)	36.00(21.91)	< 0.001
Near activities	87.38(16.83)	74.81(29.52)	74.72(25.38)	60.12(32.88)	21.67(13.94)	< 0.001
Distant vision	80.57(17.23)	77.56(17.50)	78.67(21.13)	56.42(22.57)	33.00(10.37)	< 0.001
Driving	75.836(20.20)	72.81(20.38)	75.00(22.63)	54.17(17.28)	–	< 0.001
Peripheral vision	88.57(18.780)	77.91(24.676)	83.33(24.419)	52.68(30.689)	30.00(6.847)	< 0.001
Color vision	98.57(5.899)	95.35(13.645)	91.67(23.057)	78.57(32.310)	40.00(13.693)	< 0.001
Ocular pain	87.86(15.60)	90.70(12.53)	87.50(17.68)	74.11(17.31)	50.00(19.76)	< 0.001
Role limitation	85.36(29.00)	87.50(23.62)	87.91(20.10)	58.03(41.49)	32.50(16.77)	< 0.001
Dependency	95.00(16.10)	88.08(24.39)	89.58(26.48)	50.89(38.44)	20.00(14.25)	< 0.001
Social function	89.29(19.45)	85.76(24.79)	81.25(24.29)	74.11(26.16)	37.5(12.5)	< 0.001
Mental health	86.28(14.18)	83.72(20.29)	80.66(26.22)	48.57(29.83)	27.00(9.08)	< 0.001
ANOVA

Figure 3 VFQ-28 scale scores bar chart comparing within glaucomatous groups.