Ocular Manifestations of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in a Tertiary Care Academic Medical Center in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19

	Overall (N=400)	With Ocular Symptoms n=38	No Ocular Symptoms n=362	P-value
Age, mean (SD), y	61.7 (15.5)	59.2 (16.0)	61.9 (15.4)	0.2529
Male, No. (%)	233 (58.3)	26 (68.4)	207 (57.2)	0.1814
Fever, No. (%)	259 (64.8)	29 (76.3)	230 (63.5)	0.1167
Prior ocular history, No. (%)	77 (19.3)	11 (29.0)	66 (18.2)	0.1110
Mechanical ventilation, No. (%)	157 (39.3)	18 (47.4)	139 (38.4)	0.2813
Disposition, No. (%)
Home	257 (64.3)	27 (71.1)	230 (63.5)	0.6249
Facility	71 (17.8)	6 (15.8)	65 (18.0)
Hospice/Deceased	72 (18.0)	5 (13.2)	67 (18.5)
CRP^a, mg/dL	9.5 (5.7, 14.5)	9.6 (6.7, 14.5)	9.4 (5.6, 14.6)	0.5265
D-Dimer^a, mg/L	1.8 (0.9, 5.3)	1.8 (1.0, 4.6)	1.8 (0.9, 5.3)	0.9919
Ferritin^a, ng/mL	942.1 (435.9, 1499.4)	777.4 (532.1, 1646.2)	944.7 (435.9, 1473.8)	0.9008
ALC^a, K/uL	1.1 (0.8, 1.5)	1.0 (0.8, 1.5)	1.1 (0.9, 1.5)	0.5400

Notes: ^aCRP, D-Dimer, Ferritin, and ALC shown as median (IQR). Comparison between the 2 groups was performed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables.

Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SD, standard deviation; CRP, C-reactive protein; ALC, absolute lymphocyte count.

Table 2 Distribution of Ocular Signs and Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms^a	With Ocular Symptoms (%)
Overall	38 (9.5)
Conjunctival injection	15 (39.5)
Vision changes	9 (23.7)
Irritation	8 (21.1)
Discharge	7 (18.4)
Itching	3 (7.9)
Scleral hemorrhage	2 (5.3)
Other^b	6 (15.8)

Notes: ^aSome patients experienced more than one ocular sign and symptom. ^bOther includes floaters, scleral edema, eye bubble, eyelid swelling, periorbital edema, exposure keratopathy with corneal ulcer.

Table 3 Univariate Analysis of Factors Associated with the Presence of Ocular Symptoms

	Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
Age^a	0.95 (0.85, 1.05)
Female	0.62 (0.30, 1.26)
Fever	1.85 (0.85, 4.03)
Prior ocular history	1.83 (0.86, 3.87)
Mechanical ventilation	1.44 (0.74, 2.83)
Disposition
Facility vs home	0.79 (0.31, 1.99)
Hospice/Deceased vs home	0.64 (0.24, 1.72)
CRP, mg/dL^a	1.01 (0.96, 1.05)
D-Dimer, mg/L^a	1.00 (0.95, 1.05)
Ferritin, ng/mL^a	1.00 (0.93, 1.07)
ALC, K/uL^a	1.01 (0.79, 1.31)

Notes: ^aOdds ratio estimate was calculated based on increase of 5-year increments for age, 1 unit increments for CRP and D-Dimer, 250 unit increments for ferritin, and 0.5 unit increments for ALC.

Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; ALC, absolute lymphocyte count.