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Clinical Ophthalmology Volume 15, 2021 - Issue
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Review

Guidelines for the Management of Center-Involving Diabetic Macular Edema: Treatment Options and Patient Monitorization

João Figueira1 Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal;2 AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, PortugalCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3511-1515View further author information
ORCID Icon,
José Henriques3 Retina Department, Retinal Surgical Unit, Dr. Gama Pinto Ophthalmology Institute, Lisbon, PortugalView further author information
,
Ângela Carneiro4 Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal;5 Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, PortugalView further author information
,
Carlos Marques-Neves6 Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, EPE - Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal;7 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal;8 ALM Oftalmolaser, Lisbon, PortugalView further author information
,
Rita Flores9 Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central EPE, Lisbon, Portugal;10 CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, PortugalView further author information
,
João Paulo Castro-Sousa11 Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Leiria, Portugal;12 CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal;13 Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, PortugalView further author information
,
Angelina Meireles14 Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal;15 Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, PortugalORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9148-2786View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Nuno Gomes16 Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de Braga, Braga, PortugalView further author information
,
João Nascimento17 Instituto de Retina e Diabetes Oculares de Lisboa, Lisbon, PortugalView further author information
,
Miguel Amaro18 Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Vila Franca de Xira, Vila Franca de Xira, PortugalView further author information
&
Rufino Silva1 Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal;2 AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal;19 Coimbra Medical Space, Coimbra, PortugalORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8676-0833View further author information
ORCID Icon show all
Pages 3221-3230 | Published online: 30 Jul 2021

Figures & data

Figure 1 Proposed algorithm for the treatment of CiDME.

Abbreviations: Anti-VEGF, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor; ATEs, arterial thromboembolic events; CiDME, center involved DME; CMT, center macular thickness; CVC, cardiovascular diseases; DEXii – dexamethasone intravitreal implant; FAc, fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant; IOP, intraocular pressure; NVC, neovascularization; PRN, pro-re-nata or as needed; TT, treatment.
Figure 1 Proposed algorithm for the treatment of CiDME.

Figure 2 OCT biomarkers in DME: A. Subretinal fluid (SRF), B. Hyperreflective retinal spots (HRS), C. Intraretinal cysts (IRC), D. Disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL), E. Hard exudates. Courtesy Ana Rita Santos.

Figure 2 OCT biomarkers in DME: A. Subretinal fluid (SRF), B. Hyperreflective retinal spots (HRS), C. Intraretinal cysts (IRC), D. Disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL), E. Hard exudates. Courtesy Ana Rita Santos.

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