Myopia in India

Figures & data

Table 1 The Details of Prevalence of Myopia in India Along Various Zones

Zonal Division	Reference	Place	Type of Study	Age Group (Years)	Prevalence
South Zone	Kalikivayi ^Citation6(1997)	Hyderabad	School	3–18	8.6%
	Dandona ^Citation7(1999)	Hyderabad	Population	–	4.44% (<15 years) 19.39% (>15 years)
	Khan ^Citation8(2000)	Hyderabad	Hospital	0–60	9% (Degenerative myopia)
	Dandona ^Citation9 (2002a)	Hyderabad, West Godavari, Adilabad, Mahbubnagar	Population	0–15	3.6%
	Dandona ^Citation10(2002b)	Mahbubnagar	Population	7–15	4.1%
	Raju ^Citation15(2004)	Thiruvallur and Kancheepuram	Population	>39	26.99%
	Prema ^Citation16 (2008)	Thiruvallur and Kancheepuram	Population	>39	31% (Rural) 17% (Urban)
	Krishnaiah ^Citation11(2009)	Hyderabad, West Godavari, Adilabad, Mahbubnagar	Population	>39	36.5%
	Uzma ^Citation12 (2009)	Hyderabad	School	7–15	7.48%
	Bansal ^Citation13 (2012)	Kolar	School	6–16	11.5%
	Joseph ^Citation17 (2018)	Pondicherry	Population	>39	35.6%
	Prabhu ^Citation14(2019)	Udupi	School	5–15	4%
Central	Chandra ^Citation18 (1982)	Allahabad	School	8–16	16.43%
	Haq ^Citation19 (2009)	Aligarh	Population	>19	11.5%
	Agrawal ^Citation20(2020)	Raipur	School	5–15	3.21%
East
	Datta ^Citation22(1983)	Kolkata	School	5–13	0.89%
	Das ^Citation23(2007)	Kolkata	School	5–10	14.02%
	Bagchi ^Citation24(2008)	West Bengal	School	5–15	2.85%
	Ghosh ^Citation25(2012)	Kolkata	School	6–14	11.23%
	Rao ^Citation26(2018)	Bhubaneswar	Hospital	6–17	24.8%
	Warkad ^Citation27(2018)	Bhubaneswar	School	6–17	0.63%
	Panda ^Citation28 (2020)	Rayagada	School	5–15	4.9%
West	Padhye ^Citation29(2009)	Pune	School	5–15	2.15%
	Basu ^Citation32(2011)	Surat	School	7–15	13.9%
	Nangia ^Citation30(2010)	Nagpur	Population	>29	17%
	Jonas ^Citation31(2017)	Nagpur	Population	>30	15.3%
North zone	Murthy ^Citation33(2002)	Delhi	Population	5–15	7.4%
	Ahmed ^Citation36(2008)	Srinagar	School	6–22	4.74%
	Jha ^Citation37(2008)	Leh	School	3–15	4.1%
	Saxena ^Citation34(2015)	Delhi	School	5–15	13.12%
	Shukla ^Citation35(2018)	Delhi	School	9–12	2.5%
	Singh ^Citation38(2019)	Gurugram	School	5–15	21.1%
North East zone	Natung ^Citation39(2017)	Shillong	Hospital	5–88	27.4%

Table 2 The Details of Imaging Studies on Myopic Eyes in India

S.No.	Reference	Structure Analyzed	Age Group (Years)	Instrument	Key Findings	Conclusion
1	Matalia J et al ^1002018	Retinal and choroidal thickness and volume along with choroidal vessel volume.	5–17	SD-OCT (Optovue, Inc., CA, USA)	1.The foveal thickness, choroidal volume and the choroidal vessel volume had a significant increment with higher degrees of myopia.	In paediatric population, the myopia has higher effects on retino-choroidal changes than the age.
2	Bhayana ^101AA et al 2019	Choroidal layer.	19–60	SS-OCT (DRI-OCT Triton plus, TOPCON, Tokyo, Japan)	1.Subfoveal choroidal thickness had significant positive correlation with refractive error and negative correlation with axial length.	Normative data of choroidal and retinal thickness were estimated using SS-OCT.
3	Dada T et al ^94 2013	Retinal nerve fiber layer.	18–40	GDxVCC (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA)	1.While assessing and monitoring glaucomatous damage in moderate to high myopes on GDxVCC, peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy and scleral birefringence can contribute to falsely higher RNFL values in high myopic eyes.	Myopia in glaucomatous eyes need careful evaluation.
4	Singh D et al ^93 2017	Retinal nerve fiber layer.	20–34	Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA, USA)	1.Emmetropic eye (91.26 μ) had higher RNFL thickness compared to moderate (83.76 μ) and high myopic eyes (78.68 μ).	High myopes have inherently thinner RNFL, hence, glaucoma in these eyes need careful and comprehensive approach.
5	Malakar M et al ^95 2015	Retinal nerve fiber layer.	11–40	Fourier domain OCT	1.Mean RNFL thickness was lower in high myopes (87.89 μ) as compared to the control group (111.64 μ).	Myopic eyes need special consideration while evaluating for glaucoma.
6	Dhakal R et al ^922020	Anterior scleral thickness.	15–35	SS-OCT (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan)	1.The mean anterior sclera thickness was thickest in the inferior region (605.9 µm) and thinnest in the superior region (475.3 µm). 2.And the inferior anterior scleral thickness decreased with an increase in degree of myopia.	Anterior scleral thickness in the inferior region can act as a marker for myopia progression.
7	Venkatesh R et al ^1022020	Choroidal layer	18–85	SD-OCT (Spectralis)	1.Intra-choroidal cavitation was seen in more than half of high myopic eyes.	The macular or peripapillary intra-choroidal cavitation should be screened in high myopic eyes.
8	Samuel NE et al ^972015	Foveal and macular thickness	20–40	OPTOS SPECTRAL OCT/SLO	1.Low and moderate myopes had thinner fovea compared to high myopes. 2.The axial length had a positive correlation with the fovea minimum, fovea and superior inner macular thickness.	Early detection of macular changes can be evaluated by OCT and used as a screening tool in young myopes.

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