Evaluation of Functional Vision and Eye-Related Quality of Life in Children with Strabismus

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Children with Strabismus

	Total (n=42)	Non-Surgical Group (n=18)	Surgical Group (n=24)	p-value
Time since strabismus diagnosis (months), median (range)	39 (9–183)	29 (9–141)	54 (13–183)	p=0.020
Age, n (%)
0–4 years	16 (38%)	8 (44%)	8 (33%)	p=0.156
5–11 years	18 (43%)	9 (50%)	9 (38%)
12–17 years	8 (19%)	1 (6%)	7 (29%)
Gender, n (%)
Male	18 (43%)	9 (50%)	9 (38%)	p=0.481
Female	24 (57%)	9 (50%)	15 (62%)
Type of strabismus, n (%)
Exotropia	20 (48%)	8 (44%)	12 (50%)	p=0.055
Esotropia	18 (43%)	10 (56%)	8 (33%)
Hypertropia	4 (9%)	0 (0%)	4 (17%)
Angle of deviation, n (%)
Small angle	17 (40%)	3 (17%)	14 (58%)	p=0.015
Medium angle	20 (48%)	11 (61%)	9 (38%)
Large angle	5 (12%)	4 (22%)	1 (4%)
Amblyopia, n (%)	9 (21%)	4 (22%)	5 (21%)	p=0.914
Prior occlusion treatment, n (%)	27 (64%)	8 (44%)	19 (79%)	p=0.020
Current occlusion treatment, n (%)	8 (19%)	4 (22%)	4 (17%)	p=0.650
Current use of glasses, n (%)	25 (60%)	11 (61%)	14 (58%)	p=0.856
Psychomotor development delay, n (%)	6 (14%)	3 (17%)	3 (13%)	p=0.703

Note: Statistically significant values are highlighted in bold.

Table 2 Characterization of Children Submitted to Strabismus Surgery

	Total (n=24)
Follow-up (months), median (range)	12 (4–29)
Surgical success, n (%)	15 (63%)
Time since surgery, n (%)
<12 months	12 (50%)
≥12 months	12 (50%)
Type of surgery, n (%)
Botulinum toxin	4 (17%)
Incisional surgery	20 (83%)
Binocular surgery, n (%)	9 (38%)
Number of surgeries, n (%)
<1	9 (37%)
≥1	15 (63%)

Table 3 Pediatric Eye Questionnaire (PedEyeQ) Scores in the Study Population

	Children Questionnaire				Parent Questionnaire
	Functional Vision	Bothered by Eyes/Vision	Social	Frustration/Worry	Proxy Functional Vision	Proxy Bothered by Eyes/Vision	Proxy Social	Proxy Frustration/Worry	Proxy Eye Care	Impact on Parent and Family	Worry About Child’s Eye Condition	Worry About Self-Perception and Interactions	Worry About Functional Vision
Children with strabismus	85±17	83±18	78±21	64±21	85±16	89±16	87±19	63±21	71±19	87±19	36±22	63±27	53±30
Operated	81±18	82±21	75±23	58±20	84±19	84±19	77±22	62±17	79±21	88±16	36±26	57±28	55±32
With surgical success	79±17	79±21	77±18	57±18	86±17	85±18	82±21	58±13	72±22	88±18	41±29	58±33	59±34
Without surgical success	87±21	87±21	71±33	59±25	85±18	93±15	85±21	73±21	65±19	88±14	28±18	56±18	49±30
Non-operated	91±14	86±10	83±19	75±20	87±11	92±10	92±20	64±28	72±17	86±22	35±17	70±24	51±28
Healthy children	84±20	93±17	93±10	99±4	93±10	96±19	98±4	94±9	99±3	98±5	76±26	87±23	81±32
p-value (strabismus vs healthy children)	NS	p=0.010	p=0.090	p<0.001	p=0.035	p=0.011	p=0.011	p<0.001	p<0.001	p=0.003	p<0.001	p=0.001	p=0.001
p-value (operated vs healthy children)	NS	p=0.045	NS	p<0.001	NS	p=0.016	p=0.005	p<0.001	p<0.001	p=0.017	p<0.001	p<0.001	p=0.003
p-value (non-operated vs healthy children)	NS	p=0.009	NS	p<0.001	p=0.010	NS	NS	p=0.009	p<0.001	p=0.007	p<0.001	p=0.010	p=0.001

Note: Values are presented as mean±SD.

Abbreviations: NS, non-significant; SD, standard deviation; vs, versus.

Figure 1 Comparison of Pediatric Eye Questionnaire (PedEyeQ) scores in children submitted to successful strabismus surgery and healthy children.

Abbreviation: NS, non-significant.

Table 4 Pediatric Eye Questionnaire (PedEyeQ) Scores by Age in Children with Strabismus

	Children Questionnaire				Parent Questionnaire
	Functional Vision	Bothered by Eyes/Vision	Social	Frustration/Worry	Proxy Functional Vision	Proxy Bothered by Eyes/Vision	Proxy Social	Proxy Frustration/Worry	Proxy Eye Care	Impact on Parent and Family	Worry About Child’s Eye Condition	Worry About Self-Perception and Interactions	Worry About Functional Vision
Children with strabismus
0–4 years	–	–	–	–	85±16	91±16	95±7	–	–	84±21	36±19	62±26	56±28
5–11 years	82±20	80±19	77±19	68±21	84±19	87±19	82±24	61±24	67±19	87±19	36±19	69±25	55±34
12–17 years	91±6	91±9	81±26	56±21	88±7	87±10	83±17	69±9	78±19	92±14	36±24	50±29	45±29

Note: Values are presented as mean±SD.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.