Dry Eye Disease Symptoms and Its Association with Daily Beverage Intake Among Adults in Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristic of the Participants

Characteristic	Category	No. (%)
Age groups	[18–34]	450 (73.2)
	[35–44]	93 (15.1)
	[45–55]	55 (8.9)
	[> 55]	17 (2.8)
Gender	Male	381 (62)
	Female	234 (38)
Region	Central Region	391 (63.6)
	Eastern Region	111 (18)
	Western Region	73 (11.9)
	Northern Region	10 (1.6)
	Southern Region	30 (4.9)

Figure 1 Prevalence of dry eye disease and its severity.

Figure 2 Disaggregation of dry eye disease according to presence of symptoms.

Table 2 Association Between Participants Characteristics and the Presence of Dry Eye Disease

Characteristic	Category	With DED No. (%)	Without DED No. (%)	Total	p value
Age groups	[18–34]	247 (71.8)	203 (74.9)	450	0.165
	[35–44]	53 (15.4)	40 (14.8)	93
	[45–55]	30 (8.7)	25 (9.2)	55
	[> 55]	14 (4.1)	3 (1.1)	17
Gender	Male	198 (57.6)	183 (67.5)	381	0.012*
	Female	146 (42.4)	88 (32.5)	234
Region	Central Region	220 (64)	171 (63.1)	391	0.991
	Eastern Region	62 (18)	49 (18.1)	111
	Western Region	39 (11.3)	34 (12.5)	73
	Northern Region	6 (1.7)	4 (1.5)	10
	Southern Region	17 (4.9)	13 (4.8)	30

Note: *Significant at p < 0.05.

Table 3 Association Between Participants Characteristics and the Severity of Dry Eye Disease

Characteristic	Category	Severity				Total	p value
		Normal No. (%)	Mild No. (%)	Moderate No. (%)	Severe No. (%)
Age groups	[18–34]	203 (74.9)	107 (73.8)	74 (69.8)	66 (71)	450	0.489
	[35–44]	40 (14.8)	24 (16.6)	16 (15.1)	13 (14)	93
	[45–55]	25 (9.2)	8 (5.5)	12 (11.3)	10 (10.8)	55
	[> 55]	3 (1.1)	6 (4.1)	4 (3.8)	4 (4.3)	17
Gender	Male	183 (67.5)	82 (56.6)	55 (51.9)	61 (65.5)	381	0.015*
	Female	88 (32.5)	63 (43.4)	51 (48.1)	32 (34.4)	234
Central Region	171 (63.1)	171 (63.1)	96 (66.2)	70 (66)	54 (58.1)	391	0.971
Eastern Region	49 (18.1)	49 (18.1)	25 (17.2)	17 (16)	20 (21.5)	111
Western Region	34 (12.5)	34 (12.5)	16 (11.0)	13 (12.3)	10 (10.8)	73
Northern Region	4 (1.5)	4 (1.5)	3 (2.1)	1 (0.9)	2 (2.2)	10
Southern Region	13 (4.8)	13 (4.8)	5 (3.4)	5 (4.7)	7 (7.5)	30

Note: *Significant at p < 0.05.