Predictors of Early Onset Glaucoma

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and Study Characteristics

Categorical Variables		Frequency
Disease status (n = 389)	HTN only	177 (45.5%)
	DM only	23 (5.9%)
	HTN and DM	83 (21.3%)
	Neither HTN nor DM	106 (27.2%)
Race/ethnicity (n = 389)	Non-Hispanic White	187 (48.1%)
	Non-Hispanic Black	140 (36.0%)
	Hispanic	26 (6.7%)
	Asian	32 (8.2%)
	Other	4 (1.0%)
History of migraine (n = 387)	Yes	50 (12.9%)
	No	337 (87.1%)
History of OSA (n = 387)	Yes	84 (21.7%)
	No	303 (78.3%)
Gender (n = 389)	Male	166 (42.7%)
	Female	223 (57.3%)
Continuous Variables	Mean (SD)
Age (n = 389)	71.39 (10.4) years
Age at POAG diagnosis (n = 389)	58.58 (14.3) years
Age at HTN diagnosis (n = 253)	52.95 (13.28) years
Age at DM diagnosis (n = 99)	55.32 (11.6) years
BMI (n = 389)	28.47 (6.7)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; HTN, hypertension; DM, type 2 diabetes; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; BMI, body mass index.

Figure 1 Exclusion criteria and model structure.

Abbreviations: POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; HTN, hypertension; DM2, type 2 diabetes.

Table 2 Mean Age at POAG Diagnosis Between Cohorts: History of Migraine and No History of Migraine

Variable	Mean Age at POAG Diagnosis (Years) (SE)	Student’s t-Test*
History of migraine (n = 50)	57.84 (2.14)	p = 0.67
No history of migraine (n = 337)	58.78 (0.77)

Note: *p-value of <0.05 was defined as statistically significant.

Abbreviations: POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; SE, standard error.

Table 3 Mean Age at POAG Diagnosis Between Cohorts: History of OSA and No History of OSA

Variable	Mean Age at POAG Diagnosis (Years) (SE)	Student’s t-Test*
History of OSA (n=84)	60.11 (1.69)	p=0.94
No history of OSA (n=303)	58.25 (0.80)

Note: *p-value of <0.05 was defined as statistically significant.

Abbreviations: POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; SE, standard error; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.

Table 4 Mean Age at POAG Diagnosis Between Cohorts: HTN Only, DM2 Only, HTN and DM2, and Neither HTN nor DM2

Variable	Mean Age at POAG Diagnosis (Years) (95% CI)	One-Way ANOVA*
HTN only (n = 177)	58.57 (56.32 to 60.82)	p = 0.50
DM only (n = 23)	56.33 (50.50 to 62.16)
HTN and DMs (n = 83)	60.11 (57.16 to 63.06)
Neither HTN nor DM (n = 106)	57.89 (55.25 to 60.53)

Note: *p-value of <0.05 was defined as statistically significant.

Abbreviations: POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; HTN, hypertension; DM, type 2 diabetes; CI, confidence interval; ANOVA, analysis of variance.

Table 5 Results of Stepwise Regression Analysis of Age at POAG Diagnosis for Models 1–4

Variable	Regression Coefficient (95% CI)	P-value*	Mean (SD)
Model 1 (n = 253): age at POAG diagnosis (adjusted R^2= 0.29)
(Constant)	−2.27 (−14.27 to 9.73)	0.71
Age	0.75 (0.57 to 0.93)	<0.001*	72.47 (9.35)
Age at HTN diagnosis for patients ± DM	0.14 (0.01 to 0.26)	0.04*	52.95 (13.28)
Model 2 (n = 80): age at POAG diagnosis (adjusted R^2= 0.26)
(Constant)	(Constant)	(Constant)	(Constant)
Age	Age	Age	Age
Model 3 (n = 99): age at POAG diagnosis (adjusted R^2= 0.44)
(Constant)	2.91 (−11.00 to 16.81)	0.68
Age	0.51 (0.29 to 0.74)	<0.001*	72.17 (10.72)
Age at DM diagnosis for patients ± HTN	0.37 (0.16 to 0.58)	0.001*	55.32 (11.57)
Asian or not	−6.44 (−12.34 to −0.54)	0.033*	0.13 (0.34)
Model 4 (n = 77): age at POAG diagnosis (adjusted R^2= 0.33)
(Constant)	−1.90 (−22.00 to 19.20)	0.86
Age	0.55 (0.24 to 0.86)	<0.001*	73.56 (8.96)
Age at DM diagnosis for patients with HTN + DM	0.40 (0.00 to 0.15)	0.003*	56.13 (10.78)

Notes: Predictor variables included: age at HTN diagnosis for patients with or without DM2 (model 1 only), age at HTN diagnosis for patients with HTN and DM2 (model 2 only), age at DM2 diagnosis for patients with or without HTN (model 3 only), age at DM2 diagnosis for patients with HTN and DM2 (model 4 only), age, gender, race/ethnicity, BMI, history of migraine, and history of OSA as predictor variables. Predictors not included in the model had a p-value > 0.05. *p-value of <0.05 was defined as statistically significant.

Abbreviations: POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma; SD, standard deviation; HTN, hypertension; DM, type 2 diabetes; BMI, body mass index; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.