Noninfectious uveitis: strategies to optimize treatment compliance and adherence

Figures & data

Table 1 Immunosuppressive drugs for the management of noninfectious Uveitis

Existing treatments	Corticosteroids
	Leukocyte signaling inhibitors	Cyclosporine A Tacrolimus
	Antimetabolites	Azathioprine Methotrexate Mycophenolate (mofetil and sodium)
	Alkylating agents	Cyclophosphamide Chlorambucil
	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors	Etanercept Infliximab Adalimumab Golimumab Certolizumab
Emerging treatments	Abatacept Alemtuzumab Anakinra Brodalumab Efalizumab Fezakinumab Gevokizumab Ixekizumab Rituximab Secukinumab Tocilizumab Ustekinumab

Table 2 Summary of the main adverse effects of the most frequently used existing immunosuppressive agents for the management of noninfectious posterior uveitis

Immunosuppressive agent	Side effects
Cyclosporine	Nephrotoxicity, arterial hypertension, gingivitis, hirsutism
Tacrolimus	Nephrotoxicity, neurologic symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, hyperglycemia
Azathioprine	Hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal alterations, myelosuppression
Methotrexate	Cytopenias, gastrointestinal symptoms
Mycophenolate	Gastrointestinal symptoms
Cyclophosphamide	Hemorrhagic cystitis, myelosuppression, infertility, neoplasms
Chlorambucil	Neurologic symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, myelosuppression, neoplasms
Etanercept Infliximab Adalimumab	Acquired infections, reactivation of hepatitis B, reactivation of tuberculosis, drug-induced lupus, central nervous system demyelinating disease, congestive cardiac failure, neoplasms, uveitis (etanercept)