Keratoconus Diagnosis and Treatment: Recent Advances and Future Directions

Figures & data

Figure 1 (A) Scheimpflug image in a keratoconus patient. (B) Axial (power) map, anterior and posterior elevation maps, and global pachymetry map in a keratoconus patient.

Notes: Reprinted from Ortiz-Toquero S, Martin R. Keratoconus Screening in Primary Eye Care – A General Overview. Eur Ophthalmic Rev. 2016;10(02):80. Creative Commons.⁸

Figure 2 Schematic depiction of the Dresden protocol: removal of corneal epithelium, instillation of riboflavin solution, and application of a UV-A beam of 370 nm wavelength.

Notes: Reprinted from J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, 63, Aytekin E, Pehlivan SB. Corneal cross-linking approaches on keratoconus treatment. 102524, Copyright 2021, with permission from Elsevier.³⁰

Figure 3 Intracorneal ring segments implanted within the cornea.

Notes: Reprinted from Vega-Estrada A, Alio JL. The use of intracorneal ring segments in keratoconus. Eye Vis (London, England). 2016;3:8. Creative Commons.⁷³

Figure 4 (A and B) Introduction of a CAIRS into an intrastromal channel. The arrows highlight the CAIRS it is being inserted (C and D) Two CAIRS within the intrastromal channel.

Notes: Reprinted from Jacob S, Agarwal A. CAIRS a reversible, stand-alone option for keratoconus treatment. Published 2020. Available from: https://www.healio.com/news/ophthalmology/20200916/cairs-a-reversible-standalone-option-for-keratoconus-treatment. Reprinted with permission from SLACK Incorporated.⁸⁵

Figure 5 Schematic representation of the anterior lamellar keratoplasty technique with varying depths of recipient cornea removal and donor corneal transplantation. (a and b) One-third of the anterior cornea is removed and replaced with a similarly sized donor cornea. (c and d) Larger amount of anterior cornea is removed and replaced. (e and f) Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty where corneal tissue is removed up to the bare Descemet membrane and donor cornea without Descemet membrane is transplanted.

Notes: Reprinted from Reddy JC, Modiwala Z, Mathew M. Lamellar Keratoplasty in Keratoconus. In: Keratoconus. Springer Nature Singapore; 2022:205–220. Reproduced with permission from SNCSC.⁹⁰

Ortiz-Toquero S, Martin R. Keratoconus screening in primary eye care – a general overview. Eur Ophthalmic Rev. 2016;10(2):80. doi:10.17925/EOR.2016.10.02.80

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Aytekin E, Pehlivan SB. Corneal cross-linking approaches on keratoconus treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2021;63:102524. doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102524

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Vega-Estrada A, Alio JL. The use of intracorneal ring segments in keratoconus. Eye Vis. 2016;3:8. doi:10.1186/s40662-016-0040-z

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Jacob S, Agarwal A CAIRS a reversible, stand-alone option for keratoconus treatment. 2020. Available from: https://www.healio.com/news/ophthalmology/20200916/cairs-a-reversible-standalone-option-for-keratoconus-treatment. Accessed September 8, 2023.

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Reddy JC, Modiwala Z, Mathew M. Lamellar Keratoplasty in Keratoconus. In: Keratoconus. Springer Nature Singapore; 2022:205–220.

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