Magnitude of Maladaptive Coping Strategy and Its Associated Factors Among Adult Glaucoma Patients Attending Tertiary Eye Care Center in Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Adult Glaucoma Patients Attending Tertiary Eye Care Center in Ethiopia (n=415)

Variables	Frequency	Percent
Sex
Male	110	26.5
Female	305	73.5
Age
18–40	42	10.1
41–60	231	55.7
≥61	142	34.2
Marital status
Single	24	5.8
Married	313	75.4
Divorced	36	8.7
Widowed	42	10.1
Educational status
Unable to read and write	120	28.9
Read and write only	150	36.1
Primary school	37	8.9
Secondary school	53	12.8
College and above	55	13.3
Religion
Christian	350	84.3
Muslim	65	15.7
Occupation
Farmer	157	37.8
Self-employed	52	12.6
Civil/public servant	44	10.6
Merchant	64	15.4
Retired	98	23.6
Residence
Urban	234	56.4
Rural	181	43.6
Average family monthly income in ETB
≤1000	114	27.5
1001–1900	81	19.5
1901–4000	126	30.4
>4000	94	22.6
Family history of glaucoma
Yes	81	19.5
No	334	80.5
Health insurance
Yes	339	81.7
No	76	18.3

Abbreviations: n, sample size; ETB, Ethiopian Birr.

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of Adult Glaucoma Patients Attending Tertiary Eye Care Center in Ethiopia (n=415)

Variables	Frequency	Percent
Visual impairment level
No visual impairment	49	11.8
Moderate visual impairment	198	47.7
Severe visual impairment	65	15.7
Blindness	103	24.8
IOP in mmHg
≤21	231	55.7
21–30	138	33.3
>30	46	11.0
Cup-to-disc ratio
≤0.65	67	16.1
0.7–0.9	261	62.9
>0.9	87	21.0
Type of glaucoma
Primary open-angle glaucoma	236	56.9
Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma	69	16.6
Angle-closure glaucoma	78	18.8
Other secondary open-angle glaucoma	32	7.7
Severity of glaucoma
Early	69	16.6
Moderate	166	40.0
Advanced	123	29.6
Absolute	57	13.7
Laterality of glaucoma
Bilateral	316	76.1
Unilateral	99	23.9
Type of treatment
Drug only	348	83.9
Drug and surgery	67	16.1
Number of eye drops
One	331	79.8
More than one	84	20.2
Duration of diagnosis
≤12 month	125	30.1
>12 month	290	69.9
Ocular comorbid condition
Yes	290	69.9
No	125	30.1
History of eye surgery
Yes	133	32.0
No	282	68.0
Other ocular drugs other than glaucoma
Yes	33	32.0
No	282	68.0
Side effect of drugs
Yes	109	26.3
No	306	73.7
Frequency of follow up
≤1 month	284	68.4
>1month	131	31.6
General chronic illness
Yes	113	27.2
No	302	72.8

Abbreviations: n, sample size; IOP, Intra Ocular Pressure; mmHg, Millimeter of Mercury.

Figure 1 Magnitude of maladaptive coping strategy among adult glaucoma patients attending tertiary eye care center in Ethiopia. (n=415).

Figure 2 Subscales of MCS among adult glaucoma patients attending at tertiary eye care center in Ethiopia. (n=415).

Table 3 Factors Associated with Maladaptive Coping Strategy Among Adult Glaucoma Patients Attending at Tertiary Eye Care Center in Ethiopia (n=415)

Maladaptive Coping Strategy
Variables	Yes	No	COR (95%)	AOR (95%)
Sex
Female	168	137	2.146(1.369–3.363)	2.031(1.185–3.480)*
Male	40	70	1.00	1.00
Religion
Christian	184	166	1.00	1.00
Muslim	24	41	0.528(0.306–0.911)	0.618(0.322–1.187)
Family history of glaucoma
Yes	35	46	1.412(0.866–2.303)	1.421(0.507–3.984)
No	173	161	1.00	1.00
Type of glaucoma
Primary open-angle glaucoma	110	126	0.989(0.472–2.074)	0.827(0.346–1.976)
Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma	40	29	1.563(0.673–3.632)	1.568(0.589–4.171)
Angle-closure glaucoma	43	35	1.392(0.610–3.178)	0.755(0.282 −2.020)
Other secondary open-angle glaucoma	15	17	1.00	1.00
Marital status
Single	14	10	1.00	1.00
Married	158	155	0.728(0.314–1.689)	0.878(0.328–2.347)
Divorced	23	13	1.264(0.438–3.643)	1.425(0.398–5.107)
Widowed	13	29	0.320(0.113–0.92)	0.358(0.103–1.250)
Occupation
Farmer	91	66	1.00	1.00
Self-employed	25	27	0.672(0.358–1.260)	0.788(0.372–1.670)
Civil /public servant	20	24	0.604(0.308–1.184)	0.652(0.297–1.430)
Merchant	30	34	0.640(0.357–1.148)	0.612(0.304–1.230)
Retired	42	56	0.544(0.327–0.906)	0.590(0.322–1.081)
Residence
Rural	76	105	1.00	1.00
Urban	132	102	1.788(1.208–2.647)	1.454(0.907–2.330)
Type of treatment
Drugs only	162	186	1.00	1.00
Drug and surgery	46	21	2.515(1.440–4.392)	1.895(1.002–3.585)*
Number of drugs
One	173	158	1.00	1.00
More than one	35	49	0.652(0.402–1.059)	1.165(0.411–3.302)
Duration of diagnosis
≤12 month	34	91	1.00	1.00
>12 month	174	116	4.015(2.538–6.351)	3.886(2.295–6.580)***
Chronic medical illness
Yes	70	43	1.935(1.243–3.010)	1.760(1.036–2.989)*
No	138	164	1.00	1.00
Level of visual impairment
No visual impairment	19	30	1.00	1.00
Moderate visual impairment	104	94	1.747(0.922–3.309)	1.923(0.893–4.138)
Severe visual impairment	36	29	1.960(0.922–4.169)	2.758(1.110–6.8520)*
Blindness	49	54	1.433(0.717–2.864)	1.795(0.786–4.103)
History of eye surgery
Yes	75	58	1.449(0.957–2.194)	1.515(0.916–2.505)
No	133	149	1.00	1.00
Ocular comorbidity
Yes	150	132	1.469(0.970–2.225)	1.617(0.972–2.693)
No	58	75	1.00	1.00
Severity of glaucoma
Mild	31	38	1.00	1.00
Moderate	83	83	1.226(0.698–2.154)	1.321(0.667–2.615)
Advanced	65	58	1.374(0.760–2.483)	1.884(0.909–3.906)
Absolute	29	28	1.270(0.628–2.565)	2.543(1.048–6.169)*
Laterality of glaucoma
Unilateral	37	62	1.00	1.00
Bilateral	171	145	1.976(1.243–3.141)	2.321(1.328–4.055)**
IOP in mmHg
<21	125	106	1.00	1.00
21–30	57	81	0.597(0.390–0.914)	0.689(0.413–1.149)
>30	26	20	1.102(0.583–2.086)	1.121(0.524–2.398)
Cup-to-disc ratio
≤0.65	32	35	1.00	1.00
0.7–0.9	132	129	1.119(0.654–1.915)	1.299(0.670–2.521)
>0.9	44	43	1.119(0.592–2.117)	1.105(0.521–2.342)
Follow up
≤1 month	137	147	1.00	1.00
>1 month	71	60	1.270(0.838–1.923)	1.321(0.802–2.178)

Notes: *P value of 0.01–0.05, **P value of 0.01–0.00, ***P value of 0.00.

Abbreviations: IOP, Intra Ocular Pressure; mmHg, Millimeter of Mercury.