Correlation between risk factors during the neonatal period and appearance of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units in Alexandria, Egypt

Figures & data

Figure 1 Stage 1 zone 3 from a baby of birth weight 1200 g and gestational age 32 weeks, with a respiratory illness, neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia, and red blood cell transfusion.

Figure 2 Prethreshold disease (OS stage 2, zone I, preretinal hemorrhages, plus sign).

Figure 3 Threshold disease in a baby with OS stage 3, zone I disease, gestational age 30 weeks, and body weight 1000 g.

Note: Risk factors were respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia, intraventricular hemorrhage, and nasal continuous positive airway pressure until day 5.

Table 1 Distribution of cases of different retinopathy of prematurity stages according to gestational age

GA (weeks)	No ROP		Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3		Stage 4		Stage 5		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
≤28	2	13.3	5	33.3	5	33.3	0	0	3	20	0	0	15	100
29–30	30	63.2	10	21	0	0	7	15.8	0	0	0	0	47	100
>30	68	75.5	12	13.4	0	0	10	11.1	0	0	0	0	90	100

Abbreviations: GA, gestational age; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity.

Table 2 Distribution of cases of different ROP stages according to birth weight (BW)

	No ROP		Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3		Stage 4		Stage 5		Total
	No	%	No	%	No	%	No	%	No	%	No	%	No	%
≤0.750 kg	1	16.7%	2	33.3%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	3	50.0%	0	0%	6	100%
_1.000 kg	7	35.0%	8	40.0%	3	15.0%	2	10.0%	0	0.0%	0	0%	20	100%
_1.500 kg	75	68.8%	17	15.6%	2	1.8%	15	13.8%	0	0.0%	0	0%	109	100%
>1.500 kg	17	100.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0.0%	0	0%	17	100%

Abbreviations: GA, gestational age; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity.

Table 3 Number and percentage of cases having risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity and disease severity

	Cases (n)		No ROP		ROP not requiring treatment		ROP requiring treatment		P value
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sepsis	95	62.3	47	49.47	33	34.7	15	15.8	0.041*
NCPAP	85	55.7	43	50.5	27	31.7	15	17.6	0.022*
IMV	38	24.6	23	60.5	8	21.0	7	18.5	0.013*
NIHB	48	31.1	28	58	15	31.2	5	10.5	0.396
PDA	18	11.5	5	27.7	10	55.5	3	16.6	0.013*
IVH	13	8.2	4	30.7	9	69.2	3	32.0	0.022*
RBC/plasma transfusion	25	16.4	8	32.0	12	48.0	5	20.0	0.017*

Abbreviations: NCPAP, nasal continuous positive airway pressure; RBC, red blood cell; IMV, intermittent mechanical ventilation; NIHB, neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity.

Table 4 Multiple logistic regression analysis of different risk factors in relation to incidence of retinopathy of prematurity

Model	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients	t	Significance
	B	SE	Beta
(Constant)	−0.169	0.112		−1.503	0.139
Sepsis	0.380	0.117	0.388	3.247	0.002*
NCPAP	0.171	0.111	0.179	1.940	0.0430*
IMV	0.024	0.126	0.021	0.188	0.852
NIHB	0.298	0.122	0.291	2.453	0.017*
PDA	0.397	0.172	0.266	2.311	0.025*
IVH	0.100	0.210	0.058	0.477	0.635
RBC transfusion	0.174	0.154	0.136	1.129	0.264

Note: Dependent variable is appearance of retinopathy of prematurity.

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; NCPAP, nasal continuous positive airway pressure; RBC, red blood cell; IMV, intermittent mechanical ventilation; NIHB, neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; IVH, intraventicular hemorrhage.