Impact of COVID-19 on Depressive Symptoms Among Patients with Low Vision and Blindness

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (n = 284)

Characteristic	Total n	Depression		p-value^a
		No n (%)	Yes n (%)
Age (years)				0.089
< 60	122	63 (38.7)	59 (48.8)
≥ 60	162	100 (61.3)	62 (51.2)
Gender				0.674
Female	166	97 (59.5)	69 (57.0)
Male	118	66 (40.5)	52 (43.0)
Religion				0.306
Buddhism	257	145 (89.0	112 (92.6)
Non-Buddhism	27	18 (11.0)	9 (7.4)
Education level				0.202
< Bachelor degree	226	134 (82.2	92 (76.0)
≥ Bachelor degree	58	29 (17.8)	29 (24.0)
Perceived of income				0.539
Sufficiency	102	61 (37.4)	41 (33.9)
Insufficiency	182	102 (62.6)	80 (66.1)
Employed status				0.202
Employed	103	54 (33.1)	49 (40.5)
Unemployed	181	109 (66.9)	72 (55.9)
Marital status				0.876
Single	82	44 (27.0)	38 (31.4)
Married	135	80 (49.1)	55 (45.5)
Widowed	53	31 (19.0)	22 (18.1)
Divorced	14	8 (4.9)	6 (5.0)
Degeneration of macular				0.700
No	182	106 (65.0)	76 (62.8)
Yes	102	57 (35.0)	45 (37.2)
Cataract				0.032*
No	148	76 (46.6)	72 (59.5)
Yes	136	87 (53.4)	49 (40.5)
Glaucoma				0.266
No	227	134 (82.2)	93 (76.9)
Yes	57	29 (17.8)	28 (23.1)
Covid vaccination				0.894
No	24	14 (8.6)	10 (8.2)
Yes	260	148 (91.4)	112 (91.8)

Notes: ^aChi-square; *p < 0.05.

Table 2 Hierarchical Linear Regression Analysis for Predicting Depressive Symptoms

Variable	Simple Linear Regression		Hierarchical Regression
	Standardized Beta	R^2	Standardized Beta
			Model I	Model II
Impact of COVID-19
Anxiety during COVID-19	0.246**	0.060	0.219***	0.240***
Compliance with COVID-19 prevention	0.152*	0.023	0.167**	0.164**
Accessibility to service or treatment	0.138*	0.019	0.102	0.096
Visibility with COVID-19	0.128*	0.016	0.035	0.028
Visual service and treatment	0.046	0.002	−0.68	−0.084
Social support	−0.141*	0.020		−0.160**
R^2			0.094	0.119

Notes: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.