Prevalence and Factors Associated with Suicidal Ideation Among Older People with Visual Impairments Attending an Eye Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Older People with Visual Impairments Attending an Eye Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic (n=314)

Characteristics	Total 314	Suicidal Ideation		p-value^a
		No n (%) 212 (67.5)	Yes n (%) 102 (32.5)
Gender				0.077
Female	184	117 (63.6)	67 (36.4)
Male	130	95 (73.1)	35 (26.9)
Religion				0.550
Buddhism	296	201 (67.9)	95 (32.1)
Non-Buddhism	18	11 (61.1)	7 (38.9)
Marital status				0.199
Single	44	35 (79.5)	9 (20.5)
Married	159	108 (67.9)	51 (32.1)
Widowed	87	53 (60.9)	34 (39.1)
Divorced	24	16 (66.7)	8 (33.3)
Education level				0.510
No education	20	12 (60.0)	8 (40.0)
Primary school	139	98 (70.5)	41 (29.5)
Secondary school	85	53 (62.4)	32 (37.6)
Bachelor’s degree and above	70	49 (70.0)	21 (30.0)
Monthly income (THB)				0.133
No income	121	74 (61.2)	47 (38.8)
≤ 10,000	105	73 (69.5)	32 (30.5)
> 10,000	88	65 (73.9)	23 (26.1)

Note: ^aChi-square test.

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of Older People with Visual Impairments Attending an Eye Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic (n=314)

Characteristics	Total 314	Suicidal Ideation		p-value^a
		No n (%) 212 (67.5)	Yes n (%) 102 (32.5)
Macular degeneration				0.623
No	194	129 (66.5)	65 (33.5)
Yes	120	83 (69.2)	37 (30.8)
Cataract				0.032*
No	127	77 (60.6)	50 (39.4)
Yes	187	135 (72.2)	52 (27.8)
Diabetic retinopathy				0.017*
No	233	166 (71.2)	67 (28.8)
Yes	81	46 (56.8)	35 (43.2)
Glaucoma				0.287
No	251	173 (68.9)	78 (31.1)
Yes	63	39 (61.9)	24 (38.1)
Duration of eye disease (years)				0.663
≤ 1	38	24 (63.2)	14 (36.8)
2–5	121	85 (70.2)	36 (29.8)
6–10	88	61 (69.3)	27 (30.7)
>10	67	42 (62.7)	25 (37.3)
Diabetes mellitus				0.183
No	180	127 (70.6)	53 (29.4)
Yes	134	85 (63.4)	49 (36.6)
Hypertension				0.044*
No	101	76 (75.2)	25 (24.8)
Yes	213	136 (63.8)	77 (36.2)
Kidney disease				0.003**
No	284	199 (70.1)	85 (29.9)
Yes	30	13 (43.3)	17 (56.7)
Smoking				0.995
Non-smoker	228	154 (67.5)	74 (32.5)
Current smoker	67	45 (67.2)	22 (32.8)
Ex-smoker	19	13 (68.4)	6 (31.6)
Alcohol consumption				0.572
Non-drinker	202	140 (69.3)	62 (30.7)
Current drinker	79	52 (65.8)	27 (34.2)
Ex- drinker	33	20 (60.6)	13 (39.4)
Prior COVID-19 infection				0.714
No	277	188 (67.9)	89 (32.1)
Yes	37	24 (64.9)	13 (35.1)
Depressed				<0.001***
No	214	172 (80.4)	42 (19.6)
Yes	100	40 (40.0)	60 (60.0)

Notes: ^aChi-square test; *p-value<0.05; **p-value<0.01; ***p-value<0.001.

Table 3 Bivariate Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with Suicidal Ideation in Older People with Visual Impairment Attending an Eye Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Characteristics	COR (95% CI)	p-value
Gender
Female	1.0
Male	0.64 (0.39–1.05)	0.078
Religion
Buddhism	1.0
Non-Buddhism	1.34 (0.25–3.58)	0.551
Marital status
Single	0.54 (0.24–1.21)	0.139
Married	1.0
Widowed	1.35 (0.78–2.34)	0.270
Divorced	1.05 (0.42–2.63)	0.902
Education level
No education	1.55 (0.55–4.35)	0.401
Primary school	0.97 (0.52–1.82)	0.940
Secondary school	1.40 (0.71–2.76)	0.319
Bachelor’s degree and above	1.0
Monthly income (THB)
No income	1.79 (0.98–3.27)	0.056
≤ 10,000	1.23 (0.65–2.33)	0.506
> 10,000	1.0
Macular degeneration
No	1.0
Yes	0.88 (0.54–1.44)	0.623
Cataract
No	1.0
Yes	0.59 (0.36–0.95)	0.032*
Diabetic retinopathy
No	1.0
Yes	1.88 (1.11–3.18)	0.018*
Glaucoma
No	1.0
Yes	1.36 (0.76–2.42)	0.289
Duration of eye disease (years)
≤ 1	1.0
2–5	0.72 (0.33–1.56)	0.413
6–10	0.75 (0.34–1.68)	0.499
>10	1.02 (0.44–2.32)	0.963
Diabetes mellitus
No	1.0
Yes	1.38 (0.85–2.22)	0.183
Hypertension
No	1.0
Yes	1.72 (1.01–2.92)	0.045*
Kidney disease
No	1.0
Yes	3.06 (1.42–6.58)	0.004**
Smoking
Non-smoker	1.0
Current smoker	1.01 (0.56–1.81)	0.953
Ex-smoker	0.96 (0.35–2.62)	0.937
Alcohol consumption
Non-drinker	1.0
Current drinker	1.17 (0.67–2.03)	0.573
Ex- drinker	1.46 (0.68–3.13)	0.322
Prior COVID-19 infection
No	1.0
Yes	1.14 (0.55–2.35)	0.714
Depressed
No	1.0
Yes	6.14 (3.64–10.36)	<0.001***

Notes: *p-value<0.05, **p-value<0.01; ***p-value<0.001.

Abbreviations: COR, Crude odds ratio; AOR, Adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence;

Table 4 Multivariable Binary Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with Suicidal Ideation in Older People with Visual Impairments Attending an Eye Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Characteristics	AOR (95% CI)	p-value
Gender
Female	1.0
Male	0.98 (0.54–1.79)	0.970
Marital status
Single	0.50 (0.20–1.23)	0.134
Married	1.0
Widowed	1.63 (0.84–3.18)	0.145
Divorced	1.00 (0.34–2.96)	0.987
Monthly income (THB)
No income	1.14 (0.56–2.32)	0.698
≤ 10,000	1.02 (0.49–2.08)	0.957
> 10,000	1.0
Cataract
No	1.0
Yes	0.73 (0.42–1.28)	0.276
Diabetic retinopathy
No	1.0
Yes	2.48 (1.05–5.85)	0.038*
Diabetes mellitus
No	1.0
Yes	0.60 (0.27–1.34)	0.219
Hypertension
No	1.0
Yes	1.53 (0.81–2.88)	0.181
Kidney disease
No	1.0
Yes	2.37 (0.97–5.78)	0.058
Depressed
No	1.0
Yes	6.33 (3.56–11.28)	<0.001**

Notes: *p-value<0.05; **p-value<0.001.

Abbreviations: COR, Crude odds ratio; AOR, Adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence.

Table 5 Post Hoc Logistic Regression Analysis

	Diabetic Retinopathy	Depression	Interaction
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Suicidal Ideation	1.88 (1.11–3.18)	6.14 (3.64–10.36)	7.14 (2.91–12.53)
Item 1	1.88 (1.11–3.18)	6.14 (3.64–10.36)	7.14 (2.91–17.53)
Item 2	1.55 (0.81–2.96)	5.36 (2.83–10.14)	4.24 (1.83–9.80)
Item 3	1.82 (0.89–3.71)	5.91 (2.83–12.32)	5.44 (2.27–13.02)
Item 4	2.44 (0.93–6.42)	12.41 (3.50–43.97)	4.79 (1.56–14.66)
Item 5	7.59 (1.44–39.97)	2.93 (0.64–13.34)	4.51 (0.83–24.45)

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence.

Data Sharing Statement

Data is available upon request to the corresponding author.