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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Prevalence of Digital Eye Strain Among University Students and Its Association with Virtual Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 1755-1768 | Received 02 Feb 2023, Accepted 12 Jun 2023, Published online: 20 Jun 2023

Figures & data

Table 1 Participants’ Demographic Characteristics and Prevalence of DES

Table 2 Distributions of Eye Risk Factors in Relation to DES Symptom Severity

Table 3 The Distribution of Online Learning Risk Factors in Relation to Digital Eye Strain Symptom Severity

Figure 1 Frequency of symptoms in relation to DES.

Figure 1 Frequency of symptoms in relation to DES.

Figure 2 Frequency and intensity of burning as a symptom of DES.

Figure 2 Frequency and intensity of burning as a symptom of DES.

Figure 3 Frequency and intensity of itching as a symptom of DES.

Figure 3 Frequency and intensity of itching as a symptom of DES.

Figure 4 Frequency and intensity of redness as a symptom of DES.

Figure 4 Frequency and intensity of redness as a symptom of DES.

Figure 5 Frequency and intensity of foreign body sensation as a symptom of DES.

Figure 5 Frequency and intensity of foreign body sensation as a symptom of DES.

Figure 6 Frequency and intensity of watering/tearing as a symptom of DES.

Figure 6 Frequency and intensity of watering/tearing as a symptom of DES.

Figure 7 Frequency and intensity of excessive blinking as a symptom of DES.

Figure 7 Frequency and intensity of excessive blinking as a symptom of DES.

Figure 8 Frequency and intensity of pain as a symptom of DES.

Figure 8 Frequency and intensity of pain as a symptom of DES.

Figure 9 Frequency and intensity of heaviness in the eyelids as a symptom of DES.

Figure 9 Frequency and intensity of heaviness in the eyelids as a symptom of DES.

Figure 10 Frequency and intensity of dryness as a symptom of DES.

Figure 10 Frequency and intensity of dryness as a symptom of DES.

Figure 11 Frequency and intensity of blurred vision as a symptom of DES.

Figure 11 Frequency and intensity of blurred vision as a symptom of DES.

Figure 12 Frequency and intensity of double vision as a symptom of DES.

Figure 12 Frequency and intensity of double vision as a symptom of DES.

Figure 13 Frequency and intensity of difficulty in focusing near as a symptom of DES.

Figure 13 Frequency and intensity of difficulty in focusing near as a symptom of DES.

Figure 14 Frequency and intensity of halos around objects as a symptom of DES.

Figure 14 Frequency and intensity of halos around objects as a symptom of DES.

Figure 15 Frequency and intensity of increased sensitivity to light as a symptom of DES.

Figure 15 Frequency and intensity of increased sensitivity to light as a symptom of DES.

Figure 16 Frequency and intensity of headache as a symptom of DES.

Figure 16 Frequency and intensity of headache as a symptom of DES.

Figure 17 Frequency and intensity of worsening of eyesight as a symptom of DES.

Figure 17 Frequency and intensity of worsening of eyesight as a symptom of DES.

Table 4 Ordinal Regression Model of Risk Factors Associated with DES