The Review of Ophthalmic Symptoms in COVID-19

Figures & data

Figure 1 The frequency of occurrence of individual ophthalmological symptoms in COVID-19 patients who developed ophthalmological symptoms, based on a 2021 study of 7300 individuals, representing 11.03% of these patients.²⁴

Figure 2 Changes observed in the retina based on the SERPICO-19 study published in 2020.²⁵

Figure 3 Central retinal vein occlusion in a 26-year-old female patient with Covid-19 infection and no other risk factors (Picture from the collection of the Ophthalmology Department, Medical University of Bialystok).

Figure 4 Paracentral acute middle maculopathy in a 56-year-old male patient with Covid-19 infection (Picture from the collection of the Ophthalmology Department, Medical University of Bialystok).

Figure 5 Uveitis during COVID-19 in a 48-year-old female patient (Picture from the collection of the Ophthalmology Department, Medical University of Bialystok).

Figure 6 Bilateral optic neuritis associated with Covid-19 disease with no evidence of infection other than SARS-CoV-2 virus in a 45-year-old male patient. (A) right eye, (B) left eye (Picture from the collection of the Ophthalmology Department, Medical University of Bialystok).

Table 1 Type of Ophthalmic Pathology in COVID-19 Disease Depending on the Location

Location of Ophthalmic Symptoms	Type of Pathology
Ophthalmological symptoms in the protective apparatus of the eye (Eyelids)	Inflammation of the skin Inflammation of the orifices of the Meibomian glands Telangiectasia of the free edge of the eyelids Secretion around the eyelashes. Eyelash loss Eyelid dermatitis Eyelid edema
Ophthalmological symptoms in the anterior section of the eyeball	Conjunctivitis Scleritis and episcleritis
Ophthalmological symptoms in the posterior section of the eyeball	Central retinal vein occlusion Central retinal artery occlusion Acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) Acute central medial maculopathy (PAMM) Retinitis, acute retinal necrosis (ARN) Choroiditis and other retinal changes
Neuro-ophthalmological symptoms	Optic neuritis and other optic nerve disorders Pupil abnormalities Visual field defects and visual disturbances of central origin Cranial nerve palsy Nystagmus and abnormal eye movement
Orbital symptoms	Mucormycosis Post-orbital pain Inflammation of the orbital tissues Inflammation of the lacrimal gland

Nasiri N, Sharifi H, Bazrafshan A, Noori A, Karamouzian M, Sharifi A. Ocular Manifestations of COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2021;16(1):103–112. doi:10.18502/jovr.v16i1.8256

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Invernizzi A, Torre A, Parrulli S, et al. Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19: results from the SERPICO-19 study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;27:100550. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100550

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