Upregulation of inflammatory genes in the nasal mucosa of patients undergoing endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy

Figures & data

Figure 1 Excessive granulation formation over the hinostomy site.

Abbreviations: G, granulation; LNW, lateral nasal wall; MT, middle turbinate; S, septum.

Table 1 Baseline demographics of the study population, with data shown as the mean (standard deviation) or number of cases

	Patients (n=5)	Controls (n=7)
Sex
Male		5
Female	5	2
Age	79 (4)	37 (4)
Indication of surgery
Dacryostenosis	1
Dacryocystitis	4
History of chronic rhinosinusitis
Smoking		2
Asthma	1
Allergic rhinitis		2
Nasal polyposis	1

Figure 2 Expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and CCL2 mRNA in tissue samples of subjects undergoing either septoplasty (control) or EN-DCR surgery.

Notes: The analysis was performed with qRT-PCR. Results are shown as mean ± SEM of five individual samples, and four parallel measurements were performed from each sample. *P<0.05, ns = not significant, Mann–Whitney U-test.
Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; mRNA, messenger RNA; EN-DCR, endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy; qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SEM, standard error of the mean; CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2.

Table 2 Differences in expression of immune response-related genes analyzed by qRT-PCR array

A	Genes with markedly increased expression	≥1.5x
Gene	Gene name	Increase x-fold
SELE	E-Selectin	6.33
IL-6	Interleukin-6	5.23
CCL16	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 16	5.02
TNF	Tumor necrosis factor	4.51
CCL2	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2	3.77
CXCL3	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3	3.00
CCL13	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13	2.98
CCL3	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3	2.94
CXCL5	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5	2.68
CCL4	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4	2.58
FOS	FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog	2.33
LTA	Lymphotoxin A	2.11
CCL19	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19	1.99
IL-1β	Interleukin-1β	1.99
CCL24	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24	1.92
CCL22	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22	1.90
IFN-γ	Interferon gamma	1.87
IL-23A	Interleukin-23, subunit alpha, p19	1.81
CXCL2	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2	1.70
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4	1.66
TLR2	Toll-like receptor 2	1.64
IL-15	Interleukin-15	1.61
LY96	Lymphocyte antigen 96	1.55
B	Genes with moderate changes in expression	0.76–1.49x
Gene	Gene name	Change x-fold
CCL7	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7	1.41
RIPK2	Receptor-interacting Ser-Thr kinase 2	1.40
CXCL2	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2	1.31
CD14	Cluster of differentiation 14	1.22
CCL23	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23	1.20
CXCL9	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9	1.20
TLR1	Toll-like receptor 1	1.12
CD40LG	Cluster of differentiation 40 ligand	1.11
MYD88	Myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88)	1.07
CCL21	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21	1.07
TLR7	Toll-like receptor 7	1.00
IL10RB	Interleukin-10 receptor B	1.00
TIRAP	Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain containing protein	1.00
CSF1	Colony-stimulating factor 1	0.99
CCL11	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11	0.99
TLR3	Toll-like receptor 3	0.98
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B	0.96
CXCL10	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10	0.92
CCL17	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17	0.91
LTB	Lymphotoxin B	0.90
TOLLIP	Toll interacting protein	0.89
IL1R1	Interleukin-1 receptor, type 1	0.89
CCL5	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5	0.86
TLR6	Toll-like receptor 6	0.86
IL1A	Interleukin-1A	0.83
BCL6,	B-cell/CCL, lymphoma 6	0.82
CEBPB	CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, B	0.76
NR3C1	Nuclear receptor superfamily 3, group C, member 1	0.76
C	Genes with markedly decreased expression	≤0.75x
Gene	Gene name	Decrease x-fold
NOS2	Nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible	0.17
IL-8	Interleukin-8	0.28
CXCL1	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1	0.29
IL-1RN	Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist	0.31
CCR3	Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 3	0.32
FASLG	Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6)	0.35
CXCL6	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6	0.52
CCR2	Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2	0.53
C3	Complement component 3	0.55
IL-22	Interleukin-22	0.57
C3AR1	Complement component 3a receptor 1	0.58
PTGS2	Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	0.58
IL-18	Interleukin-18	0.59
CD40	Cluster of differentiation 40	0.60
IL-6R	Interleukin-6 receptor	0.60
IL-1RAP	Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein	0.63
CCR4	Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 4	0.65
IL-9	Interleukin-9	0.66
ITGB2	Integrin B2	0.69
CXCR4	Chemokine (C-X-C), receptor 4	0.70
TLR5	Toll-like receptor 5	0.74
CCR7	Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7	0.75

Notes: The linear difference of expression, or fold change, is compared between the control sample and the endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy sample. (A) Markedly increased expression (≥1.5-fold). (B) Moderate changes in expression (0.76–1.49-fold). (C) Markedly decreased expression (≤0.75-fold).

Abbreviation: qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.