Improvement of visual acuity in diabetic and nondiabetic patients after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy

Figures & data

Table 1 Sellman and Lindstrom posterior capsule opacification (PCO) grades¹¹

Grade	Definition
1	No or slight PCO without reduced red reflex, also no pearls at all or pearls not to the IOL edge
2	Mild PCO reducing the red reflex, Elschnig pearls to the IOL edge
3	Moderate fibrosis or Elschnig pearls inside IOL edge but with a clear visual axis
4	Severe fibrosis or Elschnig pearls covering the visual axis and severely reducing the red reflex

Note: © 1988 Elsevier Limited. Reproduced with permission from Tami R, Sellman TR, Lindstrom RL. Effect of a plano-convex posterior chamber lens on capsular opacification from Elschnig pearl formation. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1988;14(1):68–72.

Abbreviation: IOL, intraocular lens.

Table 2 Madurai intraocular lens study IV scale for optic disc visualization¹²

Grade	Definition
0	Clear visibility of optic disc margins, blood vessels at the optic disc, and nerve fiber layer
1	Optic disc margins are clearly visible, but optic disc blood vessels and/or nerve fiber layer are not clearly seen
2	Blurred visibility of margins of optic disc, blood vessels of optic disc, and nerve fiber layer

Note: © 2000 Elsevier Limited. Reproduced with permission from Venkatesh N, Prajna NV, Ellwein LB, Selvaraj S, Manjula K, Kupfer C. The Madurai Intraocular Lens Study IV: posterior capsule opacification. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130(3):304–309.

Table 3 Macula visualization scale used by Aslam and Patton¹³

Grade	Definition
0	Clear view of foveal reflex, peri-foveal blood vessels, and nerve fiber layer
1	Diminished foveal reflex, but clear view of peri-foveal blood vessels and nerve fiber layer
2	Blurred foveal reflex, peri-foveal blood vessels, and/or nerve fiber layer

Note: © 2000 BioMed Central. Reproduced with permission from Aslam TM, Patton N. Methods of assessment of patients for Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy that correlate with final visual improvement. BMC Ophthalmol. 2004;4:13.

Figure 1 Sex distribution among nondiabetic patients (n = 25) in the study.

Figure 2 Sex distribution among diabetic patients (n = 25) in the study.

Figure 3 Comparison between nondiabetic (n = 25) and diabetic (n = 25) study groups of time elapsed since cataract surgery.

Table 4 Types of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in diabetics and nondiabetics (N = 50) with P values

Type of PCO	Total n (%)	Nondiabetics n (%)	Diabetics n (%)	P-value
Capsular fibrosis	31 (62%)	16 (64%)	15 (60%)	0.99
Elschnig Pearls	11 (22%)	5 (20%)	6 (24%)	0.99
Capsular wrinkling	6 (12%)	3 (12%)	3 (12%)	0.99
Pigmentary deposits	2 (4%)	1 (4%)	1 (4%)	0.99

Table 5 Frequency of comorbid systemic and ocular diseases in patients

Disease	Frequency, n
	Diabetics	Nondiabetics	P-value
Systemic hypertension	14	5	0.02
Renal impairment	0	0	–
Peptic ulcer disease	1	0	0.99
Chronic obstructive airway disease	0	2	0.50
Ocular
Age-related macular degeneration	0	0	–
Primary open-angle glaucoma	0	0	–
Pterygium	0	0	–
Total	15	7

Figure 4 Comparison of pre- and postsurgical visual acuity among nondiabetic study participants (n = 25).

Figure 5 Comparison of pre- and postsurgical visual acuity among diabetic study participants (n = 25).

Table 6 Postoperative visual acuity after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy (mean ± standard deviation)

Postoperative period	Nondiabetic	Diabetic	P-value
1 week	0.25 ± 0.09 logMAR	0.27 ± 0.10 logMAR	0.47
1 month	0.23 ± 0.09 logMAR	0.24 ± 0.09 logMAR	0.47
3 months	0.21 ± 0.08 logMAR	0.24 ± 0.09 logMAR	0.24
6 months	0.21 ± 0.08 logMAR	0.24 ± 0.09 logMAR	0.24

TamiRSellmanTRLindstromRLEffect of a plano-convex posterior chamber lens on capsular opacification from Elschnig pearl formationJ Cataract Refract Surg198814168723339551

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

VenkateshNPrajnaNVEllweinLBSelvarajSManjulaKKupferCThe Madurai Intraocular Lens Study IV: posterior capsule opacificationAm J Ophthalmol2000130330430911020409

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

AslamTMPattonNMethods of assessment of patients for Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy that correlate with final visual improvementBMC Ophthalmol200441315387889

 PubMedGoogle Scholar