Ocular neovascularization in eyes with a central retinal artery occlusion or a branch retinal artery occlusion

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of eyes with a CRAO

Characteristic	Total (n=83)	With ONV (n=12)	Without ONV (n=71)
Sex, n (%)
Male	40 (48%)	9 (75%)	31 (44%)
Female	43 (52%)	3 (25%)	40 (56%)
Age, years
Mean (SD)	69.2 (14.6)	66.5 (9.3)	69.7 (15.3)
Minimum–maximum	16.6–95.7	46.7–76.9	16.6–95.7
Eye with CRAO
OD	44 (53%)	4 (33%)	40 (56%)
OS	39 (47%)	8 (67%)	31 (44%)
Systemic conditions, n (%)
Hypertension	63 (76%)	10 (83%)	53 (75%)
Hyperlipidemia	40 (48%)	7 (58%)	33 (46%)
CVA	28 (34%)	5 (42%)	23 (32%)
Diabetes mellitus type 2	27 (33%)	8 (67%)	19 (27%)
History of smoking	30 (37%)	5 (42%)	25 (36%)
Temporal arteritis	2 (2%)	1 (8%)	1 (1%)
Visible emboli on DFE	10 (12%)	0 (0%)	10 (14%)
Severe ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis (>60%)	8 (10%)	2 (17%)	6 (8%)
Thrombus or vegetation of valve on ECHO	4 (5%)	0 (0%)	4 (6%)

Abbreviations: CRAO, central retinal artery occlusion; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DFE, dilated fundus exam; ECHO, echocardiogram; OD, right eye; OS, left eye; ONV, ocular neovascularization; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Eyes with ocular neovascularization following a CRAO

Eye	NVD	NVI	NVG	Peak IOP (mmHg) on medication	Time from onset of CRAO diagnosis	Other comorbidities	Management of NVG
1	No	Yes	Yes	26	Same day	HTN, CVA, SH	PRP, IVR, tube shunt
2	Yes	Yes	Yes	48	48 days	HTN, DM2, HLD, SH	PRP, IVB
3	No	Yes	Yes	43	62 days	HTN, DM2, HLD	IVB, tube shunt
4	No	Yes	Yes	60	32 days	DM2	Retrobulbar thorazine
5	No	Yes	Yes	32	Same day	HTN, DM2, HLD, CVA	IVB, tube shunt
6	No	Yes	Yes	71	Same day	HTN	IVB
7	No	Yes	No	N/A	Same day	HTN, DM2, HLD, CVA	N/A
8	No	Yes	Yes	38	Same day	HTN, DM2, HLD	PRP, IVB
9	No	Yes	Yes	23	43 days	HTN, HLD, CVA	PRP, IVB
10	Yes	No	No	N/A	167 days	DM2, HLD, SH	N/A
11	No	Yes	Yes	46	Same day	HTN, DM2, SH	No therapy recorded
12	No	Yes	Yes	28	44 days	HTN, CVA, SH, TA	PRP

Abbreviations: CRAO, central retinal artery occlusion; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DM2, diabetes mellitus type 2; HLD, hyperlipidemia; HTN, hypertension; IOP, intraocular pressure; IVB, intravitreal bevacizumab; IVR, intravitreal ranibizumab; N/A, not applicable; NVD, neovascularization of the optic disc; NVG, neovascular glaucoma; NVI, neovascularization of the iris; PRP, panretinal photocoagulation; SH, smoking history; TA, temporal arteritis.

Table 3 Association between risk factors and development of ocular neovascularization in eyes with a central retinal artery occlusion

	Crude OR	95% CI	P-value
Male (reference female)	3.9	1.0–15.6	0.06
Hypertension	1.7	0.3–8.6	0.52
Hyperlipidemia	1.6	0.5–5.6	0.45
CVA	1.5	0.4–5.2	0.53
Diabetes mellitus type 2	5.5	1.5–20.3	0.01
History of smoking	1.3	0.4–4.5	0.69
Temporal arteritis	6.4	0.4–109.4	0.20
Visible emboli on DFE	–	–	–
Severe ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis (>60%)	2.2	0.4–12.3	0.38
Thrombus or vegetation of valve on ECHO	–	–	–

Note: Reference is those without the condition, unless otherwise specified.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DFE, dilated fundus exam; ECHO, echocardiogram; OR, odds ratio.

Table 4 Patients with ONV following a BRAO

Patient	Age (years)	Sex	Race	Location of BRAO	Risk Factors for BRAO	Timing of ONV	NVI	NVG	Treatment
1	82	Male	White	Superotemporal	None	6 months	Yes	No	Photocoagulation
2	33	Female	White	Inferotemporal	None	3 months	Yes	No	Photocoagulation

Abbreviations: BRAO, branch retinal artery occlusion; NVG, neovascular glaucoma; NVI, neovascularization of the iris; ONV, ocular neovascularization.