Calibrated measurement of acuity, color and stereopsis on a Nintendo^® 3DS™ game console

Figures & data

Table 1 Regression curves to relate linear PDI Check values with corresponding conventional tests of the near visual functions with R-squared goodness of fit, and associated validation statistics from the ideal portion of the receiver operating characteristics curves

Visual function	X: PDI Check	Y: conventional	Regression	R^2	Sensitivity	Specificity
Acuity	Optotype (mm)	Rosenbaum Sloan	Y=9.91 e ^0.101x	0.75	98%	100%
Stereo	Disparity (mm)	Titmus Fly	Y=12.5 e ^5.253x	0.56	80%	97%
Color	F-M D100 discs	Ishihara concise	Y=0.29x^2−1.84x+2.54	0.75	83%	100%

Figure 1 Relationship between near monocular acuity measured with barrier screen–monocular acuity on the Nintendo^® 3DS™ game PDI Check (abscissa) and the patched Rosenbaum near card (ordinate).

Note: The arrow indicates chosen referral criteria from the receiver operating characteristics curve in Figure 4.

Figure 2 Relationship between autostereoscopic screen, dynamic stereo game on the Nintendo^® 3DS™ (abscissa) and Stereo Fly circles stereopsis in arc seconds (ordinate). Note: The arrow indicates chosen referral criteria from the receiver operating characteristics curve in Figure 5.

Figure 3 Relationship between dynamic deutanopic confusion axis color game on the Nintendo^® 3DS™ (abscissa) and Ishihara’s concise color test missed plates (ordinate). Note: The arrow indicates chosen referral criteria from the receiver operating characteristics curve in Figure 6.

Figure 4 Receiver operating characteristics curve for near monocular visual acuity with the PDI Check game compared to Rosenbaum pocket visual acuity with non-tested eye patched.

Note: Arrow indicates the selected referral criteria.

Figure 5 Receiver operating characteristics curve for stereopsis with the PDI Check game compared to Titmus Stereo Fly circle with polarized goggles.

Note: Arrow indicates the selected referral criteria.

Figure 6 Receiver operating characteristics curve for typical color vision deficiency with PDI Check dynamic game compared to missed color plates on the Ishihara concise test. Note: Arrow indicates the selected referral criteria.

Figure 7 Test–retest for stereo testing on the Nintendo^® 3DS™ game PDI Check for three uncorrected presbyopic patients and six normal subjects, over 18 repeated presentations.