Prevalence of Strabismus and Its Associated Factors Among School-Age Children Living in Bahir Dar City: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Study Participant in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia, May 2019

Variables	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Age group
6–9 years	52	8.5
10–13 years	255	41.7
14–18 years	304	49.8
Sex
Male	319	52.2
Female	292	47.8
Ethnicity
Amhara	566	92.6
Tigray	18	2.9
Agew	17	2.8
Others*	10	1.7
Religion
Orthodox	512	83.8
Muslim	70	11.4
Protestant	26	4.3
Others**	3	0.5
Educational level of the child
No schooling	9	1.5
KG	12	2.0
Primary	445	72.8
Secondary	145	23.7
Educational level of mother/caregiver
Unable to read &write	42	6.9
Able to read and write	130	21.3
Primary school	133	21.8
Secondary school	169	27.7
College/university	137	22.4
Family size
1–2 children	275	45.0
3–6 children	243	39.8
≥ 7 children	93	15.2
Family monthly income (USD)
Up to 57.50	159	26.1
57.51.-100	184	30.1
100.1–150	115	18.8
≥ 150.1	153	25.0

Notes: Others *Kimant, Oromo; Others **Catholic, no religion; United States Dollar.

Table 2 Medical, Developmental, and Behavioral Characteristics of Study Participants in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia, May 2019

Variables	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
History of deprivation
Yes	37	5.3
No	574	94.7
Family history of strabismus
Yes	22	2.8
No	589	97.2
Family history of amblyopia
Yes	18	2.9
No	593	97.1
History of systemic illness for the child
Yes	98	15.5
No	513	84.5
Mode of delivery
Normal vaginal	409	67.2
Cesarean section	202	32.8
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit
Yes	170	27.5
No	441	72.5
Birth history of asphyxia
Yes	92	14.5
No	519	85.5
Birth milestones
Normal	568	93.7
Abnormal	43	6.3
Child immunization history
Incomplete	46	6.8
Completed	5605	93.2
Exclusive breastfeeding
Yes	497	81.9
No	114	18.1
Child birth weight (in Grams)
Below 2500	35	5.7
2500–3500	515	84.3
Greater than 3500	61	10.0
Systemic illness during delivery
Yes	27	3.7
No	584	96.3
Family history of spectacle
Yes	94	14.8
No	517	15.2
History of spectacle use(child)
Yes	37	5.3
No	574	94.7
Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Yes	40	5.8
No	571	94.2
History of medical check up
Yes	289	47.3
No	322	52.7
Presence of anisometropia (≥ 1Ds)
Yes	77	13.0
No	534	87.0
CSRE
No refractive error	509	83.3
Myopia (≥ 0.50 Ds)	47	7.7
Hyperopia (≥ 3.00 Ds)	44	7.2
Astigmatism (≥ 1 Ds)	11	1.8
Amblyopia
Yes	44	6.50
No	567	93.50
Gestational age
Below 37 weeks	67	10.3
≥ 37 weeks	544	89.7
Family size
Up to 2 children	275	45.0
3–6 children	243	39.8
7 and above children	93	15.2

Abbreviation: CSRE, clinically significant refractive error.

Figure 1 Bar chart showing proportion of participants and Prevalence of strabismus by age group among school children living in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia, May 2019.

Table 3 Bivariable and Multivariable Logistic Regression to Identify Factors Associated with Strabismus Among School-Age Children in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia, May 2019

Variables	Strabismus
	Yes	No	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
Birth weight
Below 2.5 KG	6	30	2.2(0.62, 7.12)	1.03(0.42, 4.94)	0.12
2.5–3.5 KG	20	495	0.47(0.20, 1.14)	0.44(0.14, 1.35)	0.07
Greater than 3.5 KG	5	55	1.00
Type of CSRE
No refractive error	18	487	1.00
Myopia	4	51	2.12(0.88, 6.11)	1.70(0.64, 5.92)	0.11
Hypermetropia	9	42	5.80(2.45, 13.71)	5.28(2.01, 10.77)	0.0002
NICU admission
Yes	14	156	2.23(1.10, 4.64)	1.23(0.81, 3.07)	0.07
No	17	424	1.00
History of eye compliant
Yes	7	89	1.61(0.67, 3.84)	1.14(0.41, 2.10)	0.12
No	24	491	1.00
Exclusive breast feeding
Yes	18	479	1.00
No	13	101	3.43(1.63, 7.21)	2.85(1.14, 4.71)	0.001
Educational status of mother
Unable to read and write	5	37	2.95(0.85, 10.21)	1.65(0.57, 5.35)	0.07
Able to read and write	7	123	1.24(0.41, 3.81)	1.05(0.35, 2.35)	0.31
Primary school	5	128	0.87(0.29, 2.68)	0.68(0.31, 2.11)	0.40
Secondary school	6	163	0.80(0.25, 2.53)	0.56(0.21, 1.86)	0.30
College/university	6	131	1.00
Family history of strabismus
Yes	7	30	5.35(2.13, 13.46)	3.91(1.71, 11.22)	0.001
No	24	550	1.00
Asphyxia
Yes	7	87	1.65(0.70, 3.95)	0.92(0.63, 2.21)	0.14
No	24	493	1.00
Alcohol consumption
Yes	6	35	3.73(1.44, 9.71)	1.12(0.97, 5.74)	0.07
No	25	545	1.00
Gestational age
Below 37 weeks	6	61	2.04(0.81, 5.17)	1.29(0.74, 3.16)	0.15
37 weeks and above	25	519	1.00

Abbreviations: CSRE, clinically significant refractive error; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.