Prevalence and Factors Associated with Myopia Among High School Students in Hawassa City, South Ethiopia, 2019

Figures & data

Figure 1 Schematic presentation of sampling procedures on prevalence and factors associated with myopia among high-school students in Hawassa city, South Ethiopia.

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Study Participants Among High-school Students in Hawassa City, South Ethiopia, 2019 (n=349)

Variables	Frequency	Percent
Age category
13–16 years	120	34.4
17–20 years	229	65.6
Age of starting formal school
3–6 years	226	64.8
7–10 years	123	35.2
Sex
Female	190	54.4
Male	159	45.6
Religion
Orthodox	130	37.2
Muslim	48	13.8
Protestant	34	38.4
Catholic	24	6.9
Other	13	3.7
Parental educational status
Unable to write and read	29	8.3
Able to read and write	43	12.3
Primary school	69	19.8
Secondary school	117	33.5
University/college	91	26.1
Parental profession
Daily worker	12	3.4
Government worker	149	42.7
Merchant	79	22.6
Private sector worker	59	16.9
Others	50	14.3
Type of school
Private	180	51.6
Government	169	48.4

Table 2 Proportion of Degree of Myopia, Familial Myopia, Family Member with Myopia and Ocular Abnormalities Among High-school Students in Hawassa City, South Ethiopia 2019 (n=349)

Variables	Frequency	Percent
Degree of myopia (n=349)
Low	36	10.3
Moderate	10	2.9
High	9	2.6
VDU use (n=349)
No	134	38.4
Yes	215	61.6
Active rest during close work (n=349)
Yes	152	43.6
no	197	56.4
Ocular abnormality (n=349)
Yes	37	10.6
No	312	89.4
Familial myopia (n=349)
Yes	28	8.0
No	321	92.0
Family member with myopia (n=349)
No family history	313	89.7
One family	29	8.3
More than one family	7	2.0

Table 3 Associated Factors in Bivariate Analysis of Myopia Among High-school Students, Hawassa City, South Ethiopia 2019 (n=349)

Variable	Myopia		COR (95%CI)
	Yes	No
Sex
Male	17	132	1.00
Female	39	151	2.16* (1.17, 3.99)
Age of Schooling
3–6	46	180	2.89* (1.40, 5.95)
7–10	10	113	1.00
Parental myopia
Yes	18	10	13.41** (5.76, 31.17)
No	38	283	1.00
Outdoor sport activities
Yes	13	178	1.00
No	43	115	5.12** (2.64, 9.94)
Total hours of close work/day
<3 h/day	8	155	1.00
3–8 h/day	22	102	4.179** (1.79, 9.75)
9–11 h/day	20	28	13.84 (5.55, 34.50)
>11 h/day	6	8	14.53 (4.06, 51.99)
Use of VDU
Yes	50	165	6.465** (2.69, 15.55)
No	6	128	1.00
Working distance
<33 mm	19	64	16.63 (2.156, 18.19)
33–60 mm	36	173	11.653* (1.56, 19.94)
>60 mm	1	56	1.00
Active rest during close work
Yes	10	142	1.00
No	46	151	4.33** (2.10, 8.90)
Ocular abnormalities
Yes	14	23	3.91** (1.87, 8.19)
No	42	270	1.00
Type of illumination used
Dim light	33	96	2.94** (1.64, 5.29)
Bright light	23	197	1.00

Notes: *p-value <0.05; **p-value <0.001; 1.00 reference.

Table 4 Factors Associated with Myopia Among High-school Students, Hawassa City, South Ethiopia 2019 (n=349)

Variable	Myopia AOR (95%CI)
	Yes	No
Parental myopia
Yes	18	10	8.46 (7.11, 12.08)**
No	38	283	1.00
Age of schooling
3–6 years	46	180	3.14 (1.16, 10.06)*
7–10 years	10	113	1.00
Outdoor sport activities
Yes	13	178	1.00
No	43	115	7.37 (2.71, 20.03)**
Total hours of close work/day
<3 h	8	155	1.00
3–8 h	22	102	2.92 (0.98, 8.71)
9–11 h	20	28	11.00 (3.06, 39.36)**
>11 h	6	8	11.65 (2.11, 64.5)
Working distance
<33 cm	19	64	10.90 (0.57, 20.55)
33–60 cm	36	173	15.45 (1.21, 41.70)*
>60 cm	1	56	1.00
Use of VDU
Yes	50	165	8.36 (2.39, 29.33)**
No	6	128	1.00

Notes: *p-value <0.05; **p-value <0.001; 1.00 reference.