The Patients’ Perspective for the Impact of Late Detection of Ocular Diseases on Quality of Life: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Questionnaire Components.

Table 1 Patients Demographic Characteristics

n=388
Variables	Frequency (%)
Hospital
Governmental	280 (72%)
Privet	108 (28%)
Gender
Male	80 (45%)
Female	98 (55%)
Missing	210
Education
Uneducated	118 (30%)
Educated	269 (70%)
Missing	1
Level of education
Diploma and below	193 (70%)
Bachelor and above	81 (30%)
Missing	114
Age
Less than or equal to 50	81 (21%)
More than 50	306 (79%)
Missing	1
Marital status
Single	27 (7%)
Married	296 (76%)
Divorced	16 (4%)
Widow	49 (13%)
Children
Yes	335 (88%)
No	45 (12%)
Missing	8
Family monthly income
<5000 SR*	122 (34%)
5000–10,000 SR*	88 (25%)
10,000–15,000 SR*	71 (20%)
>15,000 SR*	76 (21%)
Missing	31
Location of residence
Riyadh	269 (70%)
Outside Riyadh	116 (30%)
Missing	3
Type of location of residence
City	341 (89%)
Village	42 (11%)
Hamlet	2 (1%)
Missing	3
Ownership of home
Owned	283 (73%)
Rent	89 (23%)
Shared (mix)	14 (4%)
Missing	2
Type of home
Villa	275 (71%)
Building	29 (8%)
Apartment	60 (16%)
Traditional home	24 (6%)
Medical care provider
Government	187 (55%)
Private	77 (23%)
Government and private	76 (22%)
Missing	48
Expenses of medical care paid by
Governmental coverage	185 (55%)
Self-payment	61 (18%)
Insurance coverage	18 (5%)
Government coverage and self payment	63 (19%)
Governmental and insurance coverage	10 (3%)
Government and insurance coverage and self-payment	2 (1%)
Missing	49

Note: *1 SR = 0.267 $.

Table 2 Participants’ Awareness of the Disease’s Late Detection and Treatment Costs

Late Detection and Cost Questions	Frequency (%)
Do you have an advance ocular disease? Detected in late stage, (n=380) Yes (%)	217 (57.11%)
Do you know there is costly charges when eye diseases is detected in a late stage? (n=383) Yes (%)	273 (71.28%)

Table 3 Health Status, Psychological, Financial, and Social Effects

Effect Questions	Frequency (%)
1. Did your eye condition affect your health status? (n=385) Yes (%)	105 (27%)
A. Fracture because I fell into a hole I did not see, (n=113) Yes (%)	14 (12%)
B. Fall into the floor and getting wounds, (n=118) Yes (%)	42 (36%)
C. Getting bruises in the face because of decreased vision, (n=123) Yes (%)	34 (28%)
2. Did you have any negative or psychological feelings because of your eye condition? (n=387) Yes (%)	192 (50%)
A. Increasing stress and fear, (n=207) Yes (%)	177 (86%)
B. Mood swings, (n=203) Yes (%)	143 (70%)
C. I feel easily irritated, (n=198) Yes (%)	108 (55%)
D. I feel alienated, (n=196) Yes (%)	45 (23%)
E. I feel outcaste, (n=196) Yes (%)	25 (13%)
3. Was your income affected by your eye condition? (n=386) Yes (%)	87 (23%)
A. I lost job opportunities in the field I desire, (n=109) Yes (%)	21 (19%)
B. My income decreased, (n=116) Yes (%)	64 (55%)
C. I get a subsidy from my relatives, (n=113) Yes (%)	27 (24%)
D. I get a subsidy from charity organizations, (n=112) Yes (%)	10 (9%)
4. Was your social or family relationships affected by? (n=386) Yes (%)	88 (23%)
A. I feel that staying away from people is best for me after getting the eye disease. (n=120) Yes (%)	45 (38%)
B. I invite friends and family to visit me in my home, (n=120) Yes (%)	65 (54%)
C. I refuse to attend social events, (n=117) Yes (%)	53 (45%)
D. People around me help me in getting dresses, food, and going to the mosque, etc., (n=120) Yes (%)	54 (45%)
E. I am unable to look positively to the new life after getting the eye disease, (n=114) Yes (%)	34 (30%)
F. Others treat me with inferiority after getting the eye disease, (n=117) Yes (%)	20 (17%)
G. I became violent after getting the eye disease, (n=116) Yes (%)	16 (14%)
H. Nothing motivates me in my family after getting the eye disease, (n=120) Yes (%)	14 (12%)

Table 4 Awareness and Suggestions Responses

Awareness Questions	Frequency (%)
Do you see need for educational activities to increase awareness through social activities to face late detection of ocular diseases which are common in Riyadh hospitals? (n=381) Yes (%)	346 (91%)
Guidelines including late-discovered eye diseases, (n=345) Yes (%)	223 (65%)
Educational lectures on late-discovered eye diseases, (n=346) Yes (%)	209 (60%)
Workshops to alleviate problems caused by late-detected eye diseases, (n=339) Yes (%)	187 (55%)
Medical treatment convoys in Riyadh neighborhoods (primary health centers) to confront late-discovered eye diseases, (n=342) Yes (%)	199 (58%)
Medical exhibitions about late-discovered eye diseases, (n=343) Yes (%)	200 (58%)
Medical information programs specializing in late-discovered eye diseases, (n=347) Yes (%)	242 (70%)
Suggestions Questions	Frequency (%)
Creating awareness brochures on how to deal with people with eye diseases, (n=370) Yes (%)	340 (92%)
Conduct regular monthly meetings in neighborhoods (primary health centers) about the effects of late detection of eye diseases, (n=369) Yes (%)	329 (89%)
Focusing on religious activities that strengthen faith in God in the face of eye diseases, (n=361) Yes (%)	313 (87%)
Holding health awareness activities about eye diseases to be coordinated with tribal elders, (n=355) Yes (%)	221 (62%)
Selecting handicrafts that are suitable for people with visual ailments, (n=358) Yes (%)	301 (84%)
Holding psychological and social workshops that contribute to psychological and social stability with my family and the community after a visual illness, (n=363) Yes (%)	332 (92%)
Linking curricula in the educational stages to how to prevent and treat eye diseases, (n=369) Yes (%)	349 (95%)

Table 5 Logistic Regression Analysis to Investigate the Relationship Between the Psychological, Financial, Social and Health Status Effects and the Patient’s Perspectives on Having Ocular Disease Detected in Late Stage

Variables	Logistic Regression
	Odd Ratio (OR)	95% LCI	95% UCI	P-value
The effect of other health status	2.309	1.420	3.755	0.0007**
The psychological feelings	1.494	0.992	2.248	0.0544
The income effect	2.012	1.203	3.365	0.0077**
The effect of social or family relationships	2.954	1.718	5.081	<0.0001**

Note: **Significant differences between groups (P<0.05).

Figure 2 A comparison of the health status, psychological, financial, and social impacts of individuals with patients perspective of having advanced eye disease (who answered “Yes” to the question, “Do you have an advanced eye disease? Detected in an advanced stage?”) and those without eye disease (who answered “No”).

Table 6 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis Between Education, Age, Income and Health Care Provider (Hospital) with Medical, Psychological, Financial and Social Effects

Independent Variable		Dependent Variable
		Q43-Did Your Eye Condition Affect Your Other Medical Status				Q44- Did You Have Any Negative or Psychological Feelings Because of Your Eye Condition				Q45- Was Your Income Affected by Your Eye Condition				Q46-was Your Social or Family Relationships Affected by
		Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR)	95% CI for AOR		P-value	Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR)	95% CI for AOR		P-value	Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR)	95% CI for AOR		P-value	Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR)	95% CI for AOR		P-value
			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Education	Educated vs non educated	0.756	0.426	1.341	0.3389	0.790	0.463	1.348	0.3875	1.286	0.680	2.430	0.4388	0.837	0.452	1.551	0.5725
Age	Less than or equal 50 vs > 50	1.942	1.042	3.621	0.0366**	1.788	1.001	3.195	0.0496**	1.385	0.711	2.700	0.3389	1.818	0.951	3.474	0.0705
Income	5k–10k vs <5k	0.845	0.455	1.571	0.5950	0.974	0.537	1.766	0.9299	0.523	0.260	1.054	0.0699	1.402	0.722	2.723	0.3176
	10k–15k vs <5k	0.292	0.133	0.642	0.0022**	0.340	0.173	0.669	0.0018**	0.372	0.170	0.811	0.0129**	0.604	0.273	1.334	0.2123
	>15k vs <5k	0.399	0.195	0.815	0.0117**	0.389	0.201	0.752	0.0050**	0.316	0.145	0.688	0.0037**	0.633	0.295	1.358	0.2405
Care provider (Hospital)	Privet vs Governmental	2.441	1.438	4.143	0.0009**	4.935	2.877	8.467	<0.0001**	3.852	2.217	6.694	<0.0001**	2.538	1.469	4.388	0.0008**

Note: **Significant differences between groups (P<0.05).