Breast and cervical cancer-screening uptake among females in Ardabil, northwest Iran: a community-based study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants

Variables	Frequency	Percentage
Age-group
20–39 years	509	44.9
40–60 years	625	55.1
Total	1,134	100
Marital status
Married	694	61.2
Widow	132	11.6
Separated	308	27.2
Total	1,134	100
Health insurance
No	148	13.1
Yes	986	86.9
Total	1,134	100
Family income
Low	428	37.7
Medium	377	33.2
High	329	29
Total	1,134	100
Education level
Illiterate	97	8.6
Primary school	268	23.6
Middle school	263	23.2
High school	287	25.3
Tertiary	219	19.3
Total	1,134	100

Table 2 Comparison of screening test behavior with sociodemographic variables

Variables	BSEa		P-value	CBEa		P-value	Pap smeara		P-value	Mammographyb		P-value
	Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)		Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)		Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)		Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)
Age-groupc			<0.001			0.2			<0.001			–
20–39 years	311 (61.1)	198 (38.9)		55 (10.8)	454 (89.2)		109 (21.4)	400 (78.6)		–	–
40–60 years	300 (48)	325 (52)		56 (9)	569 (91)		210 (33.6)	415 (66.4)		187 (29.9)	438 (70.1)
Marital statusc			0.7			0.24			0.3			0.6
Married	371 (53.5)	323 (46.5)		64 (9.2)	630 (90.8)		203 (29.3)	491 (70.7)		112 (29.2)	272 (70.8)
Widow/separated	240 (54.4)	200 (45.5)		47 (10.7)	393 (89.3)		116 (26.4)	324 (73.6)		75 (31.1)	166 (68.9)
Health insurancec			0.03			0.005			0.6			0.9
No	92 (62.2)	56 (37.8)		6 (4.1)	142 (95.9)		39 (26.4)	109 (73.6)		25 (29.8)	59 (70.2)
Yes	519 (52.6)	467 (47.4)		105 (10.6)	881 (89.4)		280 (28.4)	706 (71.6)		162 (29.9)	379 (70.1)
Family incomed			<0.001			<0.001			0.03			P<0.001
Low	76 (17.8)	352 (82.2)		30 (7)	398 (93)		136 (31.8)	292 (68.2)		29 (10.1)	259 (89.9)
Medium	251 (66.6)	126 (33.4)		29 (7.7)	348 (92.3)		107 (28.4)	270 (71.6)		60 (32.1)	127 (67.9)
High	284 (86.3)	45 (13.7)		52 (15.8)	277 (84.2)		76 (23.1)	253 (76.9)		98 (65.3)	52 (34.7)
Literacyd			<0.001			<0.001			0.05			P<0.001
Illiterate	31 (32)	66 (68)		6 (6.2)	91 (93.8)		21 (21.6)	76 (78.4)		14 (15.4)	77 (84.6)
Primary school	118 (44)	150 (56)		5 (1.9)	263 (98.1)		75 (28)	193 (72)		27 (10.5)	231 (89.5)
Middle school	153 (58.2)	110 (41.8)		14 (5.3)	249 (94.7)		66 (25.1)	197 (74.9)		70 (46.7)	80 (53.3)
High school	156 (54.4)	131 (45.6)		45 (15.7)	242 (84.3)		99 (34.5)	58 (26.5)		56 (54.9)	46 (45.1)
Tertiary	153 (69.9)	66 (30.1)		41 (18.7)	178 (81.3)		161 (73.5)	58 (26.5)		20 (83.3)	4 (16.7)

Notes:

a n=1,134;

b n=625;

c χ² test;

d Mann–Whitney U test.

Abbreviations: BSE, breast self-examination; CBE, clinical breast examination.

Table 3 Comparison of regular screening test behavior with sociodemographic variables

Variables	Regular BSEa		P-value	Regular CBEa		P-value	Regular mammographyb		P-value
	Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)		Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)		Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)
Age-groupc			0.03			0.17			–
20–39 years	204 (40.1)	305 (59.9)		34 (6.7)	475 (93.3)		–	–
40–60 years	212 (33.9)	413 (61.6)		30 (4.8)	595 (95.2)		522 (83.5)	103 (16.5)
Marital statusc			0.9			0.4			0.7
Married	255 (36.7)	439 (63.3)		36 (5.2)	658 (94.8)		65 (16.9)	319 (83.1)
Widow/separated	161 (36.6)	279 (63.4)		28 (6.4)	412 (93.6)		38 (15.8)	203 (84.2)
Health insurancec			0.7			0.1			0.01
No	56 (37.8)	92 (62.2)		4 (2.7)	144 (93.7)		6 (7.1)	78 (92.9)
Yes	360 (36.5)	626 (63.5)		60 (6.1)	926 (93.9)		97 (17.9)	444 (82.1)
Family incomed			<0.001			0.002			<0.001
Low	57 (13.3)	371 (86.7)		19 (4.4)	409 (95.6)		24 (8.3)	264 (91.7)
Medium	107 (28.4)	270 (71.6)		14 (3.7)	363 (96.3)		40 (21.4)	147 (78.6)
High	252 (76.6)	77 (23.4)		31 (9.4)	298 (90.6)		39 (26)	111 (74)
Literacyd			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
Illiterate	19 (19.6)	78 (80.4)		2 (2.1)	95 (97.9)		8 (8.8)	83 (91.2)
Primary school	76 (28.4)	192 (71.6)		2 (0.7)	266 (99.3)		10 (3.9)	248 (96.1)
Middle school	105 (39.9)	158 (60.1)		6 (2.3)	257 (97.7)		40 (26.7)	110 (73.3)
High school	120 (41.8)	167 (58.2)		28 (9.8)	259 (90.2)		36 (35.5)	66 (64.7)
Tertiary	96 (43.8)	123 (56.2)		26 (11.9)	193 (88.1)		9 (37.5)	15 (62.5)

Notes:

a n=1,134;

b n=625;

c χ² test;

d Mann–Whitney U test.

Abbreviations: BSE, breast self-examination; CBE, clinical breast examination.

Table 4 Results of logistic regression analyses

Variables	P-value	OR	95% CI		R^2
			Lower	Upper
BSE					0.349
Income	<0.001	5.8	4.7	7.2
Beliefs	<0.001	1.09	1.06	1.1
Age	<0.001	0.98	0.96	0.99
Regular BSE					0.388
Income	<0.001	5.1	4.07	6.5
Beliefs	<0.001	1.1	1.1	1.17
Number of	0.001	0.7	0.6	0.88
children
Self efficacy	<0.001	1.8	1.4	2.5
Mammography (age: 40–60 years)					0.68
Income	0.001	8.7	2.3	24.3
Beliefs	0.02	1.28	1.03	1.5
Barriers	<0.001	0.28	0.16	0.48
Self-efficacy	0.001	1.4	1.1	1.7
Regular mammography (age: 40–60 years)					0.58
Beliefs	<0.001	4.2	1.9	9.3
Self-efficacy	<0.001	2.56	1.41	4.62
Barriers	0.006	0.16	0.04	0.6
Age	0.026	0.51	0.29	0.9
CBE					0.373
Beliefs	<0.001	1.59	1.4	1.7
Barriers	0.005	1.5	1.3	1.7
Regular CBE					0.22
Beliefs	<0.001	1.2	1.2	1.3
Pap smear					0.21
Self-efficacy	0.03	0.94	0.9	0.97
Beliefs	0.022	1.2	1.1	1.4

Abbreviations: BSE, breast self-examination; CBE, clinical breast examination; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.