Interleukin-35 as a predictor of prostate cancer in patients undergoing initial prostate biopsy

Figures & data

Figure 1 (A) Plasma IL-35 levels between PCa and non-PCa patients. (B) Plasma levels of IL-35 among non-PCa patients, localized PCa and advanced PCa (C) Plasma IL-35 levels in bone metastasis positive patients (M1) and negative patients (M0). (D) Plasma IL-35 levels between HG and non-HG PCa patients.

Abbreviations: PCa, prostate cancer; IL, interleukin; HG, high grade.

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of PCa patients and non-PCa patients

Variables	Biopsy outcomes		P-value
	PCa patients	non-PCa patients
Subject, N	75 (41.6%)	105 (58.4%)	–
Age, years	70±7.49	63±7.96	<0.001
BMI, kg/m^2	23.81±2.72	23.62±3.68	0.971
PSA, ng/µL	51.94±8.610	13.46±1.010	<0.001
TPV, mL	49.03±31.2	49.45±24.8	0.57
IL-35, pg/mL	134.48±78.48	67.22±24.08	<0.001
Stage at diagnosis, n
I	4	–	–
II	41	–	–
III	23	–	–
IV	7	–	–
M0	26	–	–
M1	22	–	–
Gleason score (n)
≤6	6	–	–
=7	19	–	–
≥8	50	–	–

Notes: Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. “–” = no data.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IL, interleukin; PCa, prostate cancer; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; PSAD, prostate specific antigen density; TPV, total prostate volume.

Figure 2 (A) ROC curve analysis of IL-35 and PSA between PCa and non-PCa patients. (B) ROC curve analysis of IL-35 and PSA patients with PSA levels of 4 to 10 ng/mL. (C) ROC curve analysis of IL-35 and PSA, to discriminate advanced PCa patients from localized PCa patients. (D) ROC curve analysis using IL-35 and PSA, to discriminate positive bone metastasis patients from negative bone metastasis patients.

Abbreviations: PCa, prostate cancer; IL, interleukin; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

Figure 3 IL-35+ PSA combination as prostate cancer predictor.

Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analysis for prognostic factors in patients with PCa

Variable	Univariate			Multivariate
	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Age	1.128	1.077–1.181	<0.001	1.133	1.061–1.209	<0.001
PSA	1.053	1.026–1.081	<0.001	1.041	1.013–1.070	0.003
IL-35	1.047	1.032–1.062	<0.001	1.047	1.029–1.065	<0.001

Abbreviations: PSA, prostate-specific antigen; PCa, prostate cancer; IL, interleukin.