Possible Oncogenic Viruses Associated with Lung Cancer

Figures & data

Figure 1 HPV-mediated oncogenic mechanisms in NSCLC.

Table 1 Key Findings of Possible Oncogenic Viruses Associated with Lung Cancer

Virus	Whether Lung Cells are Infected and Transformed	Animal Models of Virus-induced Lung Cancer	Receptors Expressed in Lung Cells	Specific Type of Lung Cancer Related to the Virus	Detection of Viruses in Lung Cancer Tissues				Epidemiology	Viral Genome	Oncogenic Mechanisms
					NGS	PCR	ISH	IHC		Integration
HPV	NA	HPV-induced SCLC transgenic	HSPG^Citation58,Citation61	NA	NA	From 0 to 81.8%	From 0 to 44.1%	E6/E7/L1 casid protein +	NA	Integrated^Citation36	See Figure 1
		murine model^Citation132				^Citation20^–^Citation24,Citation26^–^Citation31,Citation34,Citation36^–^Citation38,Citation40,Citation43	^Citation20,Citation25,Citation26,Citation29,Citation41,Citation42	^Citation23,Citation24,Citation30,Citation33,Citation34,Citation36
MCPyV	NA	NA	Sulfated	NA	NA	From 0 to 40.7%	NA	LT antigen+^Citation10,Citation152	NA	Integrated^Citation10	Deregulation of BRAF and Bcl-2^Citation149
			glycosaminoglycans^Citation154			^Citation10,Citation11,Citation145^–^Citation151,Citation153					RASSF1A tumor suppressor hypermethylation^Citation146
EBV	NA	NA	CD21^Citation168,Citation169	PLELC^Citation13,Citation161^–^Citation164	Genomic diversity^Citation15	NA	EBER 100% for PLELC	NA	EBV DNA detected	NA	NA
							^Citation13,Citation161^–^Citation163		in serum^Citation14,Citation170,Citation171
JSRV	JSRV Env transforms human lung	Animal models of OPA^Citation172	Hyal2^Citation175	Lepidic adenocarcinoma	Negative^Citation183	JSRV DNA/RNA ±	NA	JSRV Env and Gag proteins ±	JSRV DNA detected	NA	JSRV envelope^Citation16
	epithelial cells in vitro^Citation174,Citation182			^Citation172,Citation173		^Citation177,Citation178,Citation180,Citation181		^Citation176,Citation177,Citation182	in blood^Citation179
JCV	NA	JCV T-antigen induced	Terminal a2,6-linked	NA	NA	JCV T-antigen sequences	T-antigen+^Citation188	T-antigen+^Citation188,Citation190	NA	NA	Inactivation of p53 and pRb and
		murine model^Citation191	sialic acid^Citation188			found^Citation184,Citation185,Citation188,Citation190					deregulation of Wnt signaling pathway^Citation187

Abbreviations: NA, not available; HPV, human papillomavirus; MCPyV, Merkel cell polyomavirus; EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; JSRV, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus; JCV, John Cunningham virus; SCLC, small-cell lung cancer; OPA, ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma; HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycans; Hya12, hyaluronidase-2; PLELC, pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma; NGS, next-generation sequencing; ISH, in situ hybridization; EBER, EBV-encoded RNA; IHC, immunohistochemistry.

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