Emerging Role of Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer with Liver Metastasis

Figures & data

Figure 1 The immunosuppressive microenvironment of the liver and colorectal cancer contributes to liver metastasis and poor survival in colorectal cancer, which can be treated using immunotherapy.

Abbreviations: CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts; CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T cell; CRC, colorectal cancer; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; M2-TAMs, M2-type tumor-associated macrophages; TANs, tumor-associated neutrophils; TME, tumor immune microenvironment.

Table 1 Summary of Immunotherapy Approaches for Colorectal Cancer with Liver Metastasis

Type	Immunotherapy	Specific Drug	Reference
Checkpoint inhibitors	Anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibodies	Pembrolizumab nivolumab	^Citation140
	Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies	Ipilimumab	^Citation140
ACT	CAR T cells	NKG2D	^Citation153
	TILs		^Citation152,Citation154
Vaccines			^Citation41,Citation156

Abbreviations: PD-1, programmed cell death 1; PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; ACT, adoptive T cell therapy; CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.

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