Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Ion Transporter-Mediated Metabolism in the Thyroid Gland and in Thyroid Cancer

Figures & data

Table 1 Expression, Influence, Related MicroRNA, Clinical/Preclinical Trials of Ion Transporters in Thyroid Cancer

Named	Transporter	Gene Symbol	Influence in Thyroid Cancer	Related Micro-RNA	Clinical/Preclinical Trials Inhibitor
NIS	NIS	SLC5A5	Prognosis relapse proliferation	miRNA-339-5p	ES-1^Citation57 NMS-873^Citation57 P-325901^Citation58
GLUTs	GLUT1	SLC2A1	Invision Prognosis Proliferation growth	miRNA-125b	Metformin^Citation84,Citation85
	MCT1	SLC16A1	Invision proliferation	miRNA-342-3p	AZD3965^Citation111
MCTs	MCT4	SLC16A3	Invision proliferation	miRNA-145	AZ93^Citation112 Bindarit^Citation113
	MCT8	SLC16A2	Differentiation	miRNA-375	TKI^Citation114
ASCTs	ASCT2	SLC1A5	Proliferation Metastasis invasive	miRNA-137	BenSer^Citation27
LATs	LAT1	SLC7A5	Growth, proliferation prognosis	miRNA-126	JPH203^Citation146,Citation153

Abbreviations: ES-1, Eeyarestatin-1; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Figure 1 Ion transporters and the metabolic situation in normal thyroid cells (A) and cancer cells (B). Figure (A) shows that normal thyroid cells rely on GLUT1 transport of glucose to provide energy through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, NIS is involved in intracellular iodide metabolism, and MCT8 is involved in the transportion of TH. The expression of MCT1/4, ASCT2, and LAT1 has not been elucidated. Figure (B) shows the upregulation of GLUT1, ASCT2, LAT1 and MCT1/4 in thyroid cancer, which regulates the metabolism of tumor cells to meet their growth and proliferation needs through the transport of corresponding metabolic substrates. The downregulated expression of NIS leads to the decreased function of iodine intake, affects the treatment of radioactive iodine, and promotes the poor prognosis of the tumor. The downregulation of MCT8 expression affects the transport of TH, thus affecting the progression of thyroid cancer.

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