Research Progress of Cancer Stem Cells in Uveal Melanoma

Figures & data

Figure 1 Two main theory of where cancer stem cells may be derived from and the heterogeneity and plasticity characteristic of UM-CSC.

Table 1 CSC Markers Studied in UM

Markers	Samples	Characteristics of Marker Positive Cells	References
CD133	Tumor tissue and cell lines (92.1, SP6.5/8.0, TP31, Mel270, OMM1/2.3/2.5)	Mainly located at the leading edge of tumor invasion The number of cells decreases with the development of metastatic tumors	[^Citation23,Citation24]
CD166	Tumor tissue and cell lines (92.1, Mel270, MP41/46, OMM1/2.3/2.5, MM66)	The expression of CD166 is up-regulated in highly malignant tumors and the process of anoikis resistance.	[^Citation13]
Nestin	Tumor tissue and cell lines (92.1, Mel270, MP41/46, OMM1/2.3/2.5, MM66, SP6.5/8.0, TP31)	Mainly located at the invading tumor front Related to poor prognostic factors	[^Citation13,Citation23,Citation25]
CD271	Cell lines (C918, OCM1)	Involved in vasculogenesis	[^Citation26]
ALDH	Cell lines (OMM1)	Have strong ability to form xenografted tumor	[^Citation11]
SOX2	Tumor tissue and cell lines (92.1, SP6.5/8.0, TP31, Mel270, OMM1/2.3/2.5)	Mainly located at the invading tumor front	[^Citation23]
ABCB5	Tumor tissue and cell lines (92.1, SP6.5/8.0, TP31, Mel270, OMM1/2.3/2.5)	Mainly located at the invading tumor front	[^Citation23]
ABCG2	Tumor tissue	Expressed in most UM cells	[^Citation27]
EZH2	Tumor tissue and cell lines (92.1, Mel270, MP41, OMM1/2.3)	Promote cell growth, migration, and invasion, improved self-renewal ability of CSC and its percentage	[^Citation11]
JARID1B	Tumor tissue	High expression level is associated with more aggressive phenotype	[^Citation28]
OCT4	Tumor tissue	Expressed in most UM cells	[^Citation27]
CD44	Tumor tissue and cell lines (92.1, SP6.5/8.0, TP31, Mel270, OMM1/2.3/2.5)	Expressed in most UM cells	[^Citation23]

Thill M, Berna MJ, Grierson R, et al. Expression of CD133 and other putative stem cell markers in uveal melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2011;21(5):405–416. doi:10.1097/CMR.0b013e328348db1021900792

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Grossniklaus HE, Zhang Q, You S, et al. Metastatic ocular melanoma to the liver exhibits infiltrative and nodular growth patterns. Hum Pathol. 2016;57:165–175. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2016.07.01227476775

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Djirackor L, Kalirai H, Coupland SE, Petrovski G. CD166high uveal melanoma cells represent a subpopulation with enhanced migratory capacity. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(7):2696–2704. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-2643131242292

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Djirackor L, Shakir D, Kalirai H, Petrovski G, Coupland SE. Nestin expression in primary and metastatic uveal melanoma – possible biomarker for high-risk uveal melanoma. Acta Ophthalmol. 2018;96(5):503–509. doi:10.1111/aos.1364529338117

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Valyi-Nagy K, Kormos B, Ali M, Shukla D, Valyi-Nagy T. Stem cell marker CD271 is expressed by vasculogenic mimicryforming uveal melanoma cells in three-dimensional cultures. Mol Vis. 2012;18:(March):588–592.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Jin B, Zhang P, Zou H, et al. Verification of EZH2 as a druggable target in metastatic uveal melanoma. Mol Cancer. 2020;19(1):1–15. doi:10.1186/s12943-020-01173-x31901224

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bergeron MA, Champagne S, Gaudreault M, Deschambeault A, Landreville S. Repression of genes involved in melanocyte differentiation in uveal melanoma. Mol Vis. 2012;18:1813–1822.22815634

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Radberger P, Radberger A, Vladimir JNB, Seregard S, Economou MA. JARID1B protein expression and prognostic implications in uveal melanoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(8):4442–4449. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-929622669717

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar