Ramucirumab: preclinical research and clinical development

Figures & data

Figure 1 A graphical representation of the effect of ramucirumab when blocking VEGFR-2. VEGF ligands and their receptors are represented. A: VEGF-A, B: VEGF-B, C: VEGF-C, D: VEGF-D, E: VEGF-E.

Abbreviations: VEGFR-2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PIGF, placental growth factor.

Table 1 A summary of the Phase III trials

Trial	Study population	Study design	Primary end point	Results (in months)	P-value
NCT00917384 REGARD	MG or MGEJ progressed during or following first-line platinum- or fluoropyrimidine-based therapy	Ramucirumab 8 mg/kg every 14 days vs placebo	OS	5.2 vs 3.8	0.0473
NCT01170663 RAINBOW	MG progressed during or following first-line platinum- or fluoropyrimidine-based therapy	Paclitaxel 80 mg/m^2 + ramucirumab 8 mg/kg every 14 days vs paclitaxel 80 mg/m^2 + placebo every 14 days	OS	9.6 vs 7.4	0.0169
NCT01168973 REVEL	MNSCLC progressed during or following first-line platinum-based therapy	Docetaxel 75 mg/m^2 + ramucirumab 10 mg/kg every 21 days vs docetaxel 75 mg/m^2 + placebo every 21 days	OS	10.5 vs 9.1	0.02
NCT00703326 ROSE/TRIO-12	Previously untreated locally advanced or MBC HER2-negative	Docetaxel 75 mg/m^2 + ramucirumab 10 mg/kg every 21 days vs docetaxel 75 mg/m^2 + placebo every 21 days	PFS	9.5 vs 8.2	0.077
NCT01183780 RAISE	MCRC progressed during or following first-line therapy with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and fluoropyrimidine	FOLFIRI + ramucirumab 8 mg/kg every 14 days vs FOLFIRI	OS	Trial ongoing	–
NCT01140347 REACH	HCC progressed during or following sorafenib and with Child–Pugh score of A	Ramucirumab 8 mg/kg every 14 days vs placebo	OS	Trial ongoing	–

Abbreviations: NCT, number of clinical trial; MG, metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma; MGEJ, metastatic gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma; OS, overall survival; MNSCLC, metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer; MBC, metastatic breast cancer; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; PFS, progression-free survival; MCRC, metastatic colorectal cancer; FOLFIRI, irinotecan 180 mg/m² day 1 + 5-fluorouracil 2.4 mg/m² days 1–2 + folinic acid 400 mg/m² day 1; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.