Cell carriers for oncolytic viruses: current challenges and future directions

Figures & data

Figure 1 Virus neutralization during systemic delivery. (A) Circulating antibodies and (B) complement proteins bind to virus and neutralize them, as well as marking them for destruction by immune effector cells. (C) Intravenously administered virus also interacts with circulating blood cells, leading to virus sequestration. (D) Liver macrophages, which are part of the reticulo-endothelial system, filter viruses from the blood. (E) Viruses that do reach the tumor encounter extensive tumor extracellular matrix and high interstitial fluid pressure which limits their extravasation into the tumor.

Table 1 Cell carriers used to deliver virus vectors

Transformed cells

Adenovirus^Citation83

Vesicular stomatitis virus^Citation19

Measles virus^Citation21

Herpes simplex virus^Citation38

Vaccinia^Citation84

Parvovirus^Citation85

Newcastle disease virus^Citation34

T cells/cytokine-induced killer cells

Reovirus^Citation20

Retrovirus^Citation35

Measles virus^Citation44,Citation86

Vesicular stomatitis virus^Citation32

Herpes simplex virus^Citation33

Vaccinia^Citation26

Newcastle disease virus^Citation34

Dendritic cells

Reovirus^Citation20

Measles virus^Citation87

Macrophages

Adenovirus^Citation46

Measles virus^Citation45

Newcastle disease virus^Citation34

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Reovirus^Citation88

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Vesicular stomatitis virus^Citation47

Mesenchymal stem cells

Adenovirus^Citation89

Measles virus^Citation90

Myxoma^Citation91

Neural progenitor cells

Adenovirus^Citation59

Herpes simplex virus^Citation57

Endothelial progenitor cells

Retrovirus^Citation62

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