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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Novel Autophagy-Related Blood Biomarkers Associated with Immune Cell Infiltration in Ankylosing Spondylitis

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 1055-1066 | Received 25 Jul 2023, Accepted 06 Oct 2023, Published online: 05 Dec 2023

Figures & data

Figure 1 Identification of DEARGs in AS. (A) Volcano plots of DEGs. (B) Venn diagram used to identify 29 DEARGs. (C) Heatmap pattern of the DEARGs.

Figure 1 Identification of DEARGs in AS. (A) Volcano plots of DEGs. (B) Venn diagram used to identify 29 DEARGs. (C) Heatmap pattern of the DEARGs.

Figure 2 Functional enrichment analysis of 29 DEARGs. The results of GO (A) and KEGG (B) were shown by circle charts.

Figure 2 Functional enrichment analysis of 29 DEARGs. The results of GO (A) and KEGG (B) were shown by circle charts.

Figure 3 Identification of core DEARGs by PPI network analysis. (A) Protein-protein interaction networks of the 29 DEARGs. (B) Intersection diagram of top 10 genes based on 11 topological algorithms. Green outlined section indicates core genes identified through the use of 11 algorithms.

Figure 3 Identification of core DEARGs by PPI network analysis. (A) Protein-protein interaction networks of the 29 DEARGs. (B) Intersection diagram of top 10 genes based on 11 topological algorithms. Green outlined section indicates core genes identified through the use of 11 algorithms.

Figure 4 Analysis core DEARGs in GSE73754 dataset. (A) Gene expression level of HSPA5 and SQSTM1. (B) ROC curve of HSPA5 and SQSTM1. **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001.

Figure 4 Analysis core DEARGs in GSE73754 dataset. (A) Gene expression level of HSPA5 and SQSTM1. (B) ROC curve of HSPA5 and SQSTM1. **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001.

Figure 5 Validation of core DEARGs by clinical blood samples. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001.

Figure 5 Validation of core DEARGs by clinical blood samples. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001.

Figure 6 Immune infiltration analysis. (A) The landscape of the immune cells between HC and AS groups. (B and C) Correlation analysis between the hub DEARGs (HSPA5 and SQSTM1) and immune cell infiltration levels. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001; ns indicates no statistical difference.

Figure 6 Immune infiltration analysis. (A) The landscape of the immune cells between HC and AS groups. (B and C) Correlation analysis between the hub DEARGs (HSPA5 and SQSTM1) and immune cell infiltration levels. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001; ns indicates no statistical difference.

Figure 7 Single-gene GSEA analysis based on the median value of HSPA5 gene expression level.

Figure 7 Single-gene GSEA analysis based on the median value of HSPA5 gene expression level.

Figure 8 Single-gene GSEA analysis based on the median value of SQSTM1 gene expression level.

Figure 8 Single-gene GSEA analysis based on the median value of SQSTM1 gene expression level.

Data Sharing Statement

The data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.