Prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of urinary tract infection among children with cerebral palsy, Moshi, Tanzania

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study flow diagram.

Abbreviations: CCBRT, Comprehensive Community Based Rehabilitation in Tanzania; KCMC, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre.

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study participants (N=99)

Characteristics	n (%)
Median age (IQR), years	4 (3–8)
Age, years
2–4	53 (53.5)
5–7	21 (21.2)
8–10	16 (16.2)
≥11	9 (9.1)
Sex
Male	58 (58.6)
Female	41 (41.4)
Residence
Urban	50 (50.5)
Rural	37 (37.4)
Other	12 (12.1)

Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the study participants (N=99)

Characteristics	N (%)
Weight (kg)
<10	34 (34.3)
11–20	50 (50.5)
>20	15 (15.2)
Types of cerebral palsy
Spastic cerebral palsy
Diplegia	4 (4.0)
Hemiplegia	17 (17.2)
Quadriplegia	64 (64.6)
Athetoid	7 (7.1)
Dystonia	1 (1.0)
Mixed type	6 (6.1)
Gross motor function
Mild	34 (34.3)
Moderate	19 (19.2)
Severe	46 (46.5)
Urine is smelly and cloudy
Yes	71 (71.7)
No	28 (28.3)
Pattern of continence
Continent	18 (18.2)
Nocturnal only	2 (2.0)
Diurnal only	4 (4.0)
Incontinent	75 (75.8)
Constipation
Yes	30 (30.3)
No	69 (69.7)
Previous history of urinary tract infection
Yes	14 (14.1)
No	85 (85.9)
Fever
Yes	5 (5.1)
No	94 (94.9)
Previous history of antibiotic use 2 weeks + prior rehabilitation*
Yes	18 (18.1)
No	81 (81.9)

Note:

* Amoxicillin, metronidazole, cephalexin, co-trimoxazole, and erythromycin.

Table 3 Association between some characteristics of participants with cerebral palsy and presence of urinary tract infection (UTI)

Characteristics	Total	UTI, n (%)	χ^2	P-value
Age range, years
2–4	53	9 (17.0)
5–7	21	3 (14.3)
8–10	16	1 (6.2)
>11	9	0 (0.0)	2.738	0.434
Sex
Male	58	8 (13.8)
Female	41	5 (12.2)	0.054	0.817
Temperature
Fever	5	2 (40.0)
No fever	94	11 (11.7)	3.333	0.068
Gross motor function
Mild	34	5 (14.7)
Moderate	19	1 (5.3)
Severe	46	7 (15.2)	1.281	0.527
Urine smell and color
Yes	28	2 (7.1)
No	71	11 (15.5)	1.227	0.268
Continence
Continent	18	3 (16.7)
Nocturnal only	2	1 (50.0)
Diurnal only	4	1 (25.0)
Incontinent	75	8 (10.7)	3.474	0.324
Constipation
Yes	30	4 (13.3)
No	69	9 (13.0)	0.002	0.969
Previous history of UTI
Yes	14	1 (7.1)
No	85	12 (14.1)	0.513	0.474
Medications taken for UTI
Yes	18	1 (5.6)
No	81	13 (13.1%)	1.107	0.293

Table 4 Antimicrobial drug sensitivity patterns of the isolated organisms (n=13)

Antimicrobial drug	Isolated organism n (%)*
	Escherichia coli	Proteus mirabilis	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Staphylococcus aureus	Enterococcus faecalis
Cefotaxime	5 (71)	1 (33.3)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)
Ciprofloxacin	7 (100)	3 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)
Gentamicin	6 (85)	3 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)
Nitrofurantoin	6 (85)	1 (33.3)	0 (0.0)	1 (100)	1 (100)
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid	6 (85)	2 (66.6)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)
Ceftriaxone	7 (100)	3 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)
Ampicillin	2 (28.6)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	1 (100)
Co-trimoxazole	2 (28.6)	1 (33.3)	0 (0.0)	1 (100)	1 (100)

Note:

* n (%) represents number (%) of sensitivity for each isolated organism.