Incidence, Risk and Protective Factors for Unintentional, Nonfatal, Fall-Related Injuries at Home: A Community-Based Household Survey from Ujjain, India

Figures & data

Figure 1 Anatomical location of 974 injuries resulting from 491 falls in the study.

Table 1 Anatomical Distribution of 974 Fall-Related Injuries According to Age and Gender in 491 Children from the Community Survey in Ujjain, India

Numbers	Total	Head	Foot, Ankle, Fingers	Hands, Wrists, Fingers	Face	Lower Extremity Till Legs	Abdomen and Pelvis	Upper Extremity Till Forearm	Shoulders, Chest and Back	Neck
	(n = 974)	(n = 300)	(n = 257)	(n = 122)	(n = 102)	(n = 101)	(n = 39)	(n = 29)	(n = 20)	(n = 4)
Age
1 month-1 year	33 (3)	19 (6)	4 (2)	0 (0)	7 (7)	3 (3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
>1 year–5 years	271 (28)	116 (39)	50 (19)	27 (22)	40 (39)	28 (28)	7 (18)	3 (10)	0 (0)	0 (0)
>5 years–10 years	339 (35)	113 (38)	75 (29)	45 (37)	31 (30)	29 (29)	17 (44)	18 (62)	10 (50)	1 (25)
>10 years–18 years	331 (34)	52 (17)	128 (50)	50 (41)	24 (24)	41 (41)	15 (38)	8 (28)	10 (50)	3 (75)
Gender
Girls	322 (33)	101 (34)	80 (31)	37 (30)	33 (32)	34 (34)	18 (46)	5 (17)	12 (60)	2 (50)
Boys	652 (67)	199 (66)	177 (69)	85 (70)	69 (68)	67 (67)	21 (54)	24 (83)	8 (40)	2 (50)

Note: Figures in brackets are column percentage.

Table 2 Distribution of Types of Injury of 974 Falls According to Age and Gender in 491 Children from the Community Survey in Ujjain, India

Numbers	Total	Abrasion	Cuts	Contusions	Abrasions and Contusion	Fractures	Muscular Injuries	Joint Dislocation	Penetrating Injuries	Amputation	Crush Injuries	Nerve Injury
	(n = 974)	(n = 356)	(n = 176)	(n = 144)	(n = 114)	(n = 60)	(n = 44)	(n = 31)	(n = 18)	(n = 16)	(n = 9)	(n = 6)
Age
1 month-1 year	33 (3)	13 (4)	5 (3)	10 (7)	4 (4)	0 (0)	1 (2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
>1 year–5 years	271 (28)	105 (29)	54 (31)	52 (36)	37 (32)	8 (13)	4 (9)	3 (10)	2 (12)	5 (31)	1 (11)	0 (0)
>5 years–10 years	339 (35)	128 (36)	55 (31)	43 (30)	36 (32)	28 (47)	15 (34)	11 (35)	8 (44)	4 (25)	5 (56)	6 (100)
>10 years–18 years	331 (34)	110 (31)	62 (35)	39 (27)	37 (32)	24 (40)	24 (54)	17 (55)	8 (44)	7 (44)	3 (33)	0 (0)
Gender
Girls	322 (33)	129 (36)	53 (30)	51 (35)	33 (29)	15 (25)	20 (45)	8 (26)	7 (39)	3 (19)	2 (22)	1 (17)
Boys	652 (67)	227 (64)	123 (70)	93 (65)	81 (71)	45 (75)	24 (55)	23 (74)	11 (61)	13 (81)	7 (77)	2 (83)

Note: Figures in brackets are column percentage.

Table 3 Demographic Characteristics of 6308 Children and 491 Children with Fall Included in the Community Survey in Ujjain, India

Variables	Total n = 6308	Fall Injury		OR	95% CI	P value
		Yes n = 491 (8%)	No n = 5817 (92%)
Gender
Girls	3056 (48)	177 (6)	2879 (94)	Referent	Referent	–
Boys	3252 (52)	314 (10)	2938 (90)	1.73	1.43–2.10	<0.001
Age
1 month – 1 year	452 (7)	17 (4)	435 (96)	Referent	Referent	–
>1 year – 5 year	1474 (23)	139 (9)	1335 (91)	2.66	1.59–4.45	<0.001
>5 year – 10 year	1680 (27)	172 (10)	1508 (90)	2.91	1.75–4.85	<0.001
>10 year–18 year	2702 (43)	163 (6)	2539 (94)	1.64	0.98–2.73	0.056
Residence
Rural	3401 (54)	236 (7)	3165 (93)	Referent	Referent	-
Urban	2907 (46)	255 (9)	2652 (91)	1.28	1.07–1.55	0.007

Table 4 Family Related Characteristics of 6308 Children and 491 Children with Fall Included in the Community Survey in Ujjain, India

Variables	Total n = 6308	Fall Injury		OR	95% CI	P value
		Yes n = 491 (8%)	No n = 5817 (92%)
Family Type
Nuclear	3325(54)	280(8)	3042(92)	Referent	Referent	–
Joint	2986(47)	211(7)	2775(93)	0.82	0.68–1.45	0.044
Number of Family Members
≤4	1267(20)	135(11)	1132(89)	Referent	Referent	–
5–10	4225(67)	301(7)	3924(93)	0.64	0.519–0.796	<0.001
>10	816(13)	55(7)	761(93)	0.60	0.439–0.840	0.003
Number of Siblings
Up to 2	2382 (38)	218 (9)	2164 (91)	Referent	Referent	–
3 or more	3926 (62)	273 (7)	3653 (93)	0.74	0.61–0.89	0.002
Mother Alive
Yes	6232(99)	479(8)	5753(92)	Referent	Referent	–
No	76(1)	12(16)	64(82)	2.25	1.207–4.201	0.011
Father Alive
Yes	6115(97)	468(8)	5647(92)	Referent	Referent	–
No	193(3)	23(12)	170(88)	1.63	1.045–2.548	0.031
Cooking Area
Combined	3729(59)	312(8)	3417(59)	Referent	Referent	–
Separate	2579(41)	179(7)	2400(93)	0.81	0.674–0.988	0.038

Table 5 Adjusted Odds Ratios of Sociodemographic Risk Factors for 491 Children with Fall Included in the Community Survey in Ujjain, India

	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P value
Gender
Girls	Referent	Referent
Boys	1.73	1.43–2.10	<0.001
Age (Continuous Variable)	0.97	0.960–0.994	0.009
Residence
Rural	Referent	Referent	–
Urban	1.25	1.038–1.511	0.018
Number of Members in Family
≤4	Referent	Referent	–
5–10	0.69	0.563–0.868	0.001
>10	0.67	0.485–0.947	0.023
Cooking Area
Combined	Referent	Referent	–
Separate	0.82	0.683–1.005	0.057
Mother Alive
Yes	Referent	Referent	–
No	2.09	1.106–3.949	0.023