Determinants of Acute Diarrhea Among Children Under-Five in Northeast Ethiopia: Unmatched Case–Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Parents of Under-Five Children in Northeast Ethiopia, 2019

Characteristics	Case (77)		Control (229)
	Frequency	(%)	Frequency	(%)
Maternal age  18–24  25–34  ≥35	20 48 9	26 62.3 11.7	38 160 31	16.6 69.9 13.5
Marital status of a mother  Married  Divorced  Widowed	63 8 6	81.8 10.4 7.8	203 19 7	88.6 8.3 3.1
Religion  Muslim  Orthodox  Protestant	38 31 8	49.4 40.3 10.3	112 105 12	48.9 45.9 5.2
Residence  Urban  Rural	51 26	66.2 33.8	183 46	79.9 20.1
Family size  ≤5  >5	65 12	84.4 15.6	194 35	84.7 15.3
Mother’s educational status  No formal education  Primary  Secondary  University/college	15 27 16 19	19.5 35.1 20.8 24.6	32 63 40 94	14 27.5 17.5 41
Mother’s occupation  Housewife  Governmental employee Private gainful	46 16 15	59.7 20.8 19.5	109 71 49	47.6 31 21.4
Father’s educational status  No formal education  Primary  Secondary  Collage/University	12 18 14 33	15.6 23.4 18.2 42.8	20 28 30 151	8.7 12.3 13.1 65.9
Father’s Occupation  farmer  Government employee Merchant Other*	24 27 19 7	31.2 35.1 24.6 9.1	28 138 56 7	12.2 60.3 24.4 3.1
Monthly income  ≤1000  1000–5000  >5000	15 36 26	19.4 46.8 33.8	37 83 109	16.2 36.2 47.6
Family size  ≤5  >5	65 12	84.4 15.6	194 35	84.7 15.3

Note: Others*, Drivers and NGO workers.

Table 2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Under-Five Children in Northeast Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Case (77)		Control (229)
	Frequency	(%)	Frequency	(%)
Child age  <6 month  6–11 month  12–23 month  24–35 month  ≥36 month	11 22 16 11 17	14.2 28.6 20.8 14.3 22.1	14 57 59 39 60	6.1 24.9 25.8 17 26.2
Sex  Male  Female	42 35	54.5 45.5	113 116	49.3 50.7
Birth order  First  Second  Third  ≥fourth	27 29 12 9	35.1 37.7 15.5 11.7	77 90 36 26	33.6 39.3 15.7 11.4
#U-5 children in the house  1  ≥2	55 22	71.4 28.6	183 46	79.9 20.1
Place of delivery  Health facility  Home	74 3	96.1 3.9	222 7	96.9 3.1

Table 3 Environmental Characteristics Among Under-Five Children in Northeast Ethiopia, 2019

Characteristics	Case (77)		Control (229)
	Frequency	(%)	Frequency	(%)
Animal lives in the same house  No  Yes	57 20	74 26	186 43	81.2 18.8
Availability of latrine  No  Yes	2 75	2.6 97.4	6 223	2.6 97.4
Latrine ownership  Privately  Shared	54 21	70.1 27.3	188 35	82.1 15.3
Open field (those who did not have latrine)	2	2.6	6	2.6
Child faces disposal  In latrine  Not in latrine	59 18	76.6 23.4	217 9	94.8 5.2
Waste disposal  Pit  Open field  Burning  Garbage can	20 4 16 37	26 5.2 20.8 48	68 3 36 122	29.7 1.3 15.7 53.3
Water source  Improved  Not Improved	63 14	81.8 18.2	214 15	93.4 6.6
Distance to a drinking water source  ≤15 minutes  >15 minutes	63 14	81.8 18.2	195 34	85.2 14.8
Home-based Water treatment  No  Yes	39 38	50.6 49.4	40 189	17.5 82.5
Type of water Storage container  Pot  Bucket  Jerican  Other **	9 17 46 5	11.7 22.1 59.7 6.5	16 81 126 6	7 35.4 55 2.6
Duration of water without changing  ≤1 day  >1 day	25 52	32.5 67.5	79 150	34.5 65.5
Does the container have cover No Yes	5 72	6.5 93.5	3 226	1.3 98.7
Method of drawing  Pouring  Deepening	44 33	57.1 42.9	131 98	57.2 42.8
Presence of Handwashing facility near to a toilet  No  Yes	30 47	39 61	43 186	18.8 81.2
Type of floor of house-made from  Cement  Mud	49 28	63.6 36.4	171 58	74.7 25.3
Number of rooms  <3  ≥3	26 51	33.8 66.2	56 173	24.5 75.5
Separate kitchen  No  Yes	14 63	18.2 81.8	28 201	12.2 87.8

Note: Other**, water tanker.

Table 4 Child Care and Behavioral Characteristics Among Under-Five Children in Northeast Ethiopia, 2019

Characteristics	Case (77)		Control (229)
	Frequency	(%)	Frequency	(%)
Handwashing at a critical time  No  Yes	27 50	35.1 64.9	7 222	3.1 96.9
Method of Handwashing  Water only  Water and substrate	15 50	35.1 64.9	14 215	6.1 93.9
Exclusive breastfeeding  No  Yes	18 58	23.7 76.3	16 213	7 93
Initiationof complementary feeding  Before 6 month  After 6 month	19 57	25 75	21 203	9.4 90.6
Prepare the child food using a separate instrument  No  Yes	17 59	22.4 77.6	30 194	13.4 86.6
Food cover after preparation  No  Yes	3 73	4 96	5 219	2.3 97.7
Food/fluid child mostly receiving  Cow milk  Adult food Powder milk  Gruel  Other***	19 26 16 13 2	25 34.2 21.1 17.1 2.6	66 102 22 29 6	29.3 45.4 9.8 12.7 2.8
Method of feeding  Hand  Bottle  Cup and spoon  Child feed him/herself	13 30 20 13	17.1 39.5 26.3 17.1	47 62 62 54	21 27.5 27.5 24
Heard about diarrhea prevention and transmission  No  Yes	14 63	18.2 81.8	16 213	7 93
Source of information  Television  Radio  Magazine/newspaper  Other****	45 55 9 4	58.4 71.4 11.7 5.2	159 158 48 9	69.4 69 21 3.9
Counseling from health professionals  No  Yes	21 56	27.3 72.7	18 211	7.9 92.1
Feed the child leftover food  No  Yes	45 32	58.4 41.6	213 16	93 7
Maternal history of diarrheal in the previous 2 wks.  No  Yes	43 34	55.8 44.2	212 17	92.6 7.4
Vaccination status  Appropriate for age  Inappropriate for age	68 9	88.3 11.7	213 16	93 7
Weight for height Z-score  Normal  Wasted	60 17	77.9 22.1	198 31	86.5 13.5
Height for age Z score  Normal  Stunted	44 33	57.1 42.9	162 67	70.7 29.3
Weight for age Z score  Normal  Underweight	53 24	68.8 31.2	185 42	81.5 18.5

Notes: Other***, packed infant food; Other****, formal education and from other person.

Table 5 Bivariable and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Determinants of Acute Diarrhea Among Under-Five Children Northeast, 2019

Variables			COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
	Case	Control
Residence  Urban  Rural	51 26	183 46	1.00 2.03 (1.14,3.59)	0.56(0.14,2.27)
Mothers educational status  No formal education  Primary  Secondary  Collage/university	15 27 16 19	32 63 40 94	2.32 (1.06,5.09) 2.12 (1.08,4.14) 1.98 (0.92,4.24) 1.00	1.92 (0.36,10.1) 1.67 (0.49,5.67) 1.5 (0.4,5.3)
Father’s educational status  No formal education  Primary  Secondary  Collage/University	12 18 14 33	20 28 30 151	2.74 (1.22,6.16) 2.94 (1.46,5.93) 2.13 (1.02,4.47) 1.00	4.06 (0.57,7.53) 1.93 (0.37,9.96) 3.2 (0.67,15.4)
Father’s occupation  farmer  Government employee  merchant  other*	24 27 19 7	28 138 56 7	1.00 0.23 (0.11,0.45) 0.39 (0.18,0.84) 1.16 (0.35,3.8)	1.00 0.51 (0.199,1.32) 0.47 (0.16,1.37) 3.6 (0.76,17.76)
Monthly income  ≤1000  1000–5000  >5000	15 36 26	37 83 109	1.7 (0.81,3.55) 1.82 (1.02,3.25) 1.00	0.24 (0.04,1.19) 0.56 (0.18,1.72)
Child age  <6 month  6–11 month  12–23 month  24–35 month  ≥36 month	11 22 16 11 17	14 57 59 39 60	2.77(1.06,7.21) 0.41 (0.65,2.82) 0.95(0.44,2.07) 0.99(0.42,2.35) 1.00	4.93 (0.8,30.29) 2.17 (0.66,7.1) 1.09 (0.32,3.6) 1.77 (0.46,6.69)
Under-five children in the house  1  ≥2	55 22	183 46	1.00 1.59(0.881,2.87)	1.22 (0.44,3.41)
Animal lives in the same house  No  Yes	57 20	186 43	1.00 1.52(0.82,2.78)	1.78 (0.54,5.82)
Child faces disposal  In latrine  Not in latrine	59 18	217 12	1.00 5.52(2.52,12.1)	4.12(1.25,13.5)
Latrine ownership  Privately  Shared	54 21	188 35	1.00 2.08(1.124,3.88)	0.66 (0.20,2.17)
Home-based Water treatment  No  Yes	39 38	40 189	4.849 (2.76,8.51) 1.00	2.85(1.27,6.42)
Cover of water container  No  Yes	5 72	3 226	5.23 (1.22,22.4) 1.00	1.54 (0.08,26.82)
Presence of Handwashing facility near to the toilet  No  Yes	30 47	43 186	2.76 (1.57,4.86) 1.00	1.53 (0.43,5.45)
Number of rooms  <3  ≥3	26 51	56 173	1.57 (0.89,2.75) 1.00	0.78 (0.23,2.65)
Separate kitchen  No  Yes	14 63	28 201	1.59 (0.79,3.22) 1.00	0.49 (0.11,2.27)
Handwashing at a critical time  No  Yes	27 50	7 222	3.715 (1.7,8.115) 1.00	5.47(1.68,17.8)
Method of Handwashing  Water only  Water and substrate	15 50	14 215	3.715 (1.7,8.115) 1.00	0.332 (0.06,1.66)
Exclusive breastfeeding  No  Yes	18 58	16 213	4.13 (1.98,8.60) 1.00	3.32(1.21,9.14)
Complementary feeding  Before 6 month  After 6 month	19 57	21 203	3.22 (1.62,6.4) 1.00	0.35 (0.21,1.73)
Prepare the child food using a separate instrument  No  Yes	17 59	30 194	1.86 (0.96,3.6) 1.00	0.32 (0.08,1.22)
Heard about diarrhea  No  Yes	14 63	16 213	2.95(1.37,6.39) 1.00	0.22 (0.03,1.31)
Counseling from HP  No  Yes	21 56	18 211	4.39(2.19,8.8) 1.00	3.23(1.15,9.09)
Feed the child leftover food  No  Yes	45 32	213 16	1.00 9.46 (4.79,18.7)	1.00 2.96(1.19,7.32)
Maternal history of diarrheal in the previous 2 wks.  No  Yes	46 31	212 17	1.00 8.4(4.29,16.45)	6.06(2.42,15.2)
Weight for height z-score  Normal  Wasted	60 17	198 31	1.00 1.81 (0.93,3.49)	0.91 (0.25,3.3)
Height for age Z score  Normal  Stunted	44 33	162 67	1.00 1.81 (1.06,3.09)	1.07 (0.37,3.06)
Weight for age Z score  Normal  Underweight	53 24	185 42	1.00 1.99 (1.11,3.58)	2.1 (0.59,7.49)

Note: Others*, Drivers and NGO workers.