Prevalence and Predictors of Anemia Among Children Aged 6–23 Months in Dodota District, Southeast Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart showing sampling scheme and sampling frame of children living in Dodota district, Southeast Ethiopia (n=883), 2019.

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Children and Mothers Living in Dodota District, Southeast Ethiopia (Number of Children, N=917), 2019

Background Characteristics		Number	%
Sex	Male	462	50.4
	Female	455	49.6
Age category (in months)	6–11	214	23.3
	12–17	251	27.3
	18–23	452	49.2
Maternal age category (in years)	<20	17	1.8
	20–34	835	90.9
	≥35	59	6.4
Maternal educational status	Literate	498	54.3
	Illiterate	419	45.7
Maternal parity	1	173	18.8
	2–3	384	41.8
	≥4	355	38.6
Family size	2–3	174	19.8
	4–6	509	57.7
	≥7	185	20.9
Maternal ANC status during pregnancy	Yes	697	76.0
	No	220	24.0
Maternal iron supplementation during pregnancy	Yes	563	61.4
	No	354	38.6
Age at initiation of complementary feeding (in months)	<6	113	12.3
	6–8	559	60.8
	9–23	240	26.1

Table 2 Unadjusted Binary Logistic Regression: Factors Associated with Anemia Among Children Aged 6–23 Months, Dodota District, Southeast Ethiopia (N=917), 2019

Factor		Hemoglobin Category		COR	p-value
		Anemia (N=407)	Normal (N=510)
Sex	Male	215 (46.7%)	245 (53.3%)	3.01	0.15
	Female	192 (42.3%)	262 (57.7%)
Maternal educational background	Literate	175 (40.2%)	260 (59.8%)	6.86	0.032
	Illiterate	196 (49.2%)	202 (50.8%)
ANC	Yes	300 (43.1%)	397 (56.9%)	7.27	0.06
	No	107 (49.6%)	109 (50.4%)
Iron supplementation during pregnancy	Yes	225 (40.0%)	338 (60.0%)	6.02	0.011
	No	182 (51.4%)	172 (48.6%)
Place of delivery	Home	180 (48.5%)	192 (51.5%)	4.96	0.084
	Institution	216 (41.6%)	303 (58.4%)
Age at complementary feeding (in months)	<6	103 (47.0%)	116 (53.0%)	5.82	0.054
	6–8	183 (41.4%)	259 (58.6%)
	9–23	117 (47.4%)	130 (52.6%)
Cow’s milk initiation before 1-year age	Yes	291 (55.5%)	233 (44.5%)	6.23	<0.001
	No	116 (30.9%)	259 (69.1%)
History of diarrhea over last two weeks	Yes	76 (69.7%)	33 (30.3%)	3.26	<0.001
	No	328 (41.4%)	465 (58.6%)

Abbreviation: ANC, antenatal care.

Figure 2 Line graph depicting hemoglobin category at specific age in months, Dodota district, Southeast Ethiopia, 2019.

Figure 3 Pie chart demonstrating the severity classification of anemia in children in the age group 6–23 months, Dodota district, Southeast Ethiopia, 2019.

Table 3 Pearson Correlation Coefficient Assessing the Correlation Between Hemoglobin and Maternal and Child Numeric Variables, Dodota District, Southeast Ethiopia (N=917), 2019

Factors	Standardized Coefficients, r	95.0% Confidence Interval	p-value
Maternal parity	−0.120	(−0.237, −0.018)	0.023
Maternal age	0.048	(−0.025, 0.068)	0.362
Amount of cow’s milk started (in mL)	−0.055	(−0.30, −0.01)	0.001
Age of patient at diagnosis of anemia (in month)	0.046	(0.019, 0.084)	0.002
Duration of EBF (in months)	−0.170	(−0.193, −0.087)	<0.001

Abbreviations: EBF, exclusive breast feeding, mL, milliliter.

Table 4 Multivariable Regression: Factors Associated with Anemia Among Children Aged 6–23 Months, Dodota District, Southeast Ethiopia (N=917), 2019

		Anemia Status of the Child		AOR (95% CI)	p-value
		Yes	No
Sex	Male	216	245	0.835 (0.634–1.084)	0.176
	Female	191	263	1
Iron supplemented during ANC	Yes	312	467	1	<0.001
	No	95	42	6.45 (3.610–11.491)
Maternal education status	Illiterate	211	208	1.442 (1.096–1.897)	0.009
	Literate	196	302	1
Cow’s milk initiation before 1 year	Yes	259	207	1.428 (1.064–1.918)	0.018
	No	148	279	1
Maternal ANC	Yes	324	473	0.23 (0.120–0.685)	0.010
	No	83	37	1
Place of delivery	Home	252	161	1.339 (1.042–1.719)	0.022
	Health institution	157	347	1
Age category of child (in months)	6–12	117	97	2.245 (1.598–3.154)	<0.001
	13–18	153	156	1.238 (0.873–1.756)	0.232
	19–23	137	255	1
Age at complementary feeding (in months)	≤6	107	56	2.174 (1.123–3.701)	0.018
	7–8	183	381	1
	9–23	117	73	3.838 (2.010–7.326)	<0.001
History of diarrhea in the last 2 weeks	Yes	79	33	3.265 (2.119–5.031)	<0.001
	No	328	477	1

Table 5 Describing the Age at Which Selected Developmental Milestones Were Achieved Among Children Aged 6–23 Months, Dodota District, Southeast Ethiopia (N=917), 2019

Developmental Milestone		Value	95% Confidence Interval
Sitting alone (age in months)	Minimum	4
	Maximum	11
	Mean	6.84	(6.71–6.98)
	SD	1.039	(0.916–1.162)
Walking alone (age in month)	Minimum	9
	Maximum	24
	Mean	12.07	(11.86–12.30)
	SD	1.740	(1.391–2.133)
Produced first word (age in months)	Minimum	6
	Maximum	23
	Mean	11.46	(11.10–11.84)
	SD	3.018	(2.689–3.316)
Produce meaningful words (age in months)	Minimum	16
	Maximum	23
	Mean	20.19	(19.77–20.61)
	SD	3.460	(3.195–3.719)
Start to crawl (age in months)	Minimum	6
	Maximum	12
	Mean	8.77	(8.62–8.91)
	SD	1.113	(0.990–1.226)
Start to run (age in months)	Minimum	15
	Maximum	23
	Mean	18.26	(17.80–18.69)
	SD	3.675	(3.434–3.907)

Table 6 Pearson Correlation to Assess Correlation Between Age at Which Selected Developmental Milestone Achieved and Hemoglobin Value Among Children Aged 6–23 Months, Dodota District, Southeast Ethiopia (N=917), 2019

Developmental Milestone	Standardized Coefficients (Beta)	95.0% Confidence Interval	p-value
Sitting alone (age in months)	−0.150	(−0.116, −0.045)	<0.001
Walking alone (age in month)	−0.118	(−0.198, −0.042	0.003
Produced first word (age in months)	−0.06	(−0.205, 0.021)	0.110
Produce meaningful words (age in months)	0.072	(−0.078, 0.332)	0.224
Start to crawl (age in months)	−0.196	(−0.182, −0.089)	<0.001
Start to run (age in months)	−0.056	(−0.317, 0.079)	0.233