Determinants of Malaria Morbidity Among School-Aged Children Living in East Hararghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia: A Community-Based Case–Control Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Map of East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020

Notes:

Chineksen,

Jarso,

Kombolcha,

Gursum,

Kersa,

Meta,

Dedar,

Haramaya,

Kurfa Chale,

Babile,

Badano,

Gurewa,

Fadis,

Malka Balo,

Mayu Muluke,

Qumbii,

Gola Oda,

Qumbi.

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Study Participants, East Hararghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2020

Variables (n=504)	Category	Malaria Status
		Cases (%)	Controls (%)
Sex	Male	66 (39.3)	148 (44)
	Female	102 (60.7)	188 (56)
Age	5–9 years	56 (33.3)	77 (23)
	10–14 years	65 (38.7)	122 (36)
	15–18 years	47 (28)	137 (41)
Place of residence	Urban	27 (16)	92 (27.4)
	Rural	141 (84)	244 (72.6)
Altitude above sea level	<1500 meters	60 (35.7)	118 (35.1)
	1500–1750 meters	59 (35.1)	123 (36.6)
	≥1750 meters	49 (26.3)	95 (28.3)
Educational status of the household head	No formal education	113 (67.3)	141 (42)
	Primary	42 (25)	106 (31.5)
	Secondary	9 (5.4)	49 (14.5)
	Higher	4 (2.4)	40 (12)
Family occupational status	Farmers	149 (88.6)	251(74.7)
	Merchant	10 (6)	46 (13.7)
	Gov. worker	9 (5.4)	39 (11.6)
Family size category based on LLITN distribution	1 to 2	0 (0)	27 (8)
	3 to 4	20 (12)	135 (40.2)
	5 to 6	106 (63)	156 (46.4)
	≥7	42 (25)	18 (5.4)
Household wealth index	Low	98 (58.3)	175 (52.1)
	Medium	48 (28.6)	90 (26.8)
	High	22 (13.1)	71 (21.1)

Table 2 Environmental Charactersitics and Malaria Prevention Measures Used Among Study Participants in East Hararghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2020

Variable	Category	Cases	Controls	%
Access to information (through radio/TV)	Yes	264	123	76.8
	No	71	43	22.8
Number of rooms	One	76	34	21.8
	Two and above	260	134	78.2
Main materials of rooms made of	Cement	90	37	22.8
	Sand	246	131	77.2
Presence of opening on wall/window	Yes	149	127	54.8
	No	187	41	45.2
Main source of drinking water for the household members	Hand pump	260	119	75.2
	Spring	76	49	24.8
Availability of toilet per house hold	Yes	279	133	81.7
	No	56	35	18.3
Liquid waste available within or outside of compound	Yes	214	143	73.3
	No	105	25	26.7
Stagnant water around the house	Yes	90	76	32.9
	No	246	92	67.1
IRS used in the interior wall of home in the last six months	Yes	189	46	46.6
	No	147	122	53.4
Painted/covered the sprayed interior wall	Yes	17	11	11.5
	No	177	39	88.5
LLITN used last night	Yes	274	100	74.2
	No	62	68	25.8

Table 3 Determinants of Malaria Morbidity in School-Aged Children in East Hararghe Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2020

Variables		Malaria Status		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
		Cases (%)	Controls (%)
Place of residence	Urban	27 (16)	92 (27.4)	0.51(0.32–0.82) *	1
	Rural	141 (84)	244 (72.6)	1.00	2.34 (1.87–4.12) **
Land cover type	Cultivated	125 (74.4)	232 (69)	1.05 (0.63–1.59)	0.24 (0.10–0.60) **
	Bare	7 (4.2)	37 (11)	0.35 (0.14–0.87) *	0.92(0.23–3.70)
	Shrub	36 (24.4)	67 (20)	1.00	1.00
Age group in years	5–9	56 (33.3)	77 (23)	2.12 (1.32–3.42) *	1.87 (0.98–3.59)
	10–14	65 (38.7)	122 (36)	1.55 (0.99–2.43) *	6.34 (0.85–11.06)
	15–18	47 (28)	137 (41)	1.00	1.00
Family size	1 to 3	0 (0)	27 (8)	0.000	0.37 (0.18–0.78) **
	4 to 5	20 (12)	135 (40.2)	0.06 (0.03–0.13) *	0.04 (0.02–1.12)
	6 to 7	106 (63)	156 (46.4)	0.30 (0.16–0.53) *	0.76 (0.18–1.92)
	≥ 8	42 (25)	18 (5.4)	1.00	1.00
Educational status of the House hold Head	No formal education	113 (67.3)	141 (42)	8.01(2.78–23.07) *	4.91(1.20–20.17) **
	Primary	42 (25)	106 (31.5)	3.96(1.34–11.76) *	4.44 (0.88–18.28)
	Secondary	9 (5.4)	49 (14.5)	1.84 (0.53–6.41) *	4.68 (0.78–27.92)
	Higher	4 (2.4)	40 (12)	1.00	1.00
Family Occupation	Farmers	149 (88.6)	251 (74.7)	2.57 (1.21–5.46) *	0.87 (0.17–4.36)
	Merchant	10 (6)	46 (13.7)	0.94 (0.35–2.55) *	0.61 (0.12–2.97)
	Gov. worker	9 (5.4)	39 (11.6)	1.00	1.00
Household wealth index	Low	98 (58.3)	175 (52.1)	1.81 (1.06–3.10) *	2.50 (1.22–5.12) **
	Medium	48 (28.6)	90 (26.8)	1.72 (0.95–3.11) *	6.11(0.97.–16.38)
	High	22 (13.1)	71 (21.1)	1.00	1.00
Proximity to Stagnant water	Yes	76 (45.2)	90 (26.8)	2.26 (1.53–3.33) *	2.01 (1.14–3.54) **
	No	92 (54.8)	246 (73.2)	1.00	1.00
IRS used in the home	Yes	46 (27.4)	189 (56.3)	0.29 (0.20–0.44) *	0.15 (0.08–0.29) **
	No	122 (72.6)	147 (43.7)	1.00	1.00
LLITN use in last night	Yes	100 (59.5)	274 (81.5)	0.33 (0.22–0.50) *	0.19 (0.10–0.35) **
	No	68 (40.5)	62 (18.5)	1.00	1.00
Visiting clinics within 48 hrs of illness	Yes	91 (54.2)	274 (81.5)	0.27 (0.13–0.40) *	0.28 (0.15–1.81)
	No	77 (45.8)	6 2(18.5)	1.00	1.00

Notes: *Associated in bivariate analysis, **Associated in multivariable analysis.