Pediatric Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Safety, Efficacy, and Patient Outcomes. Literature Review

Figures & data

Table 1 Results of Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia in First Complete Remission

Author ^(Reference)	N. Pts	Median Age (Years) (Range)	Years	Purging	Conditioning Regimen	Outcome (Years)
Amadori (1993)^Citation7	35 +9	7 (0.3–14)	1984–1986	No	BAVC	Relapses 25; DFS 28% (5)
Ravindranath (1996)^Citation9	71	<21	1988–1993	4-HC	BU+CY	OS 40%; EFS 38% (3)
Stevens (1998)^Citation11	44	<15	1988–1995	No	TBI+CT/BU+CY	OS 70%; DFS 68% (7)
Woods (2001)^Citation8	137	<21	1989–1995	No	BU+CY	OS 48% (3)
Shaw (1994)^Citation10	21	6 (0.2–14.7)	1987–1992	No	BU+CY	LFS 60% (6)
Pession (2013)^Citation13	102	<18	2002–2011	Mafosfamide	BU+CY+MEL	DFS 63% (8) TRM 7%
Sakaguchi (2019)^Citation14	220	8 (0.8–15)	1989–2002	No	BU+CY+MEL/TBI+CT	OS 62%; LFS 56% (5)
Alonzo (2005)^Citation15	217	< 21	1979–1996	4-HC	NR	OS 49%; DFS 41% (8)

Abbreviations: BAVC, carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, cyclophosphamide; BU, busulfan; CT, chemotherapy; CY, cyclophosphamide; DFS, disease-free survival; EFS, event-free survival; LFS, leukemia-free survival; MEL, melfalan; NR, not reported; OS, overall survival; pts, patients; TBI, total body irradiation; TRM, therapy-related mortality; 4-HC, hydroperoxycyclophosphamide.

Table 2 Results of Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Pediatric Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia in Second Complete Remission

Author ^(Reference)	N. Patients	Median Age (Years) (Range)	Years	Outcome (Years)
Termuhlen (2008)^Citation24	5	13 (3–18)	2004–2006	OS 100% and EFS 100% (median FU 20 mos); TRM 0%; RI 0%
Dvorak (2008)^Citation25	11	12 (2–18)	1992–2007	OS 82% and EFS 73% (5) TRM 0%; RI 27%
Baidil’dina (2010)	7	<18	Before 2010	6 CCR; 1 death (FU: 23–40 mos)
Chakrabarty (2014)^Citation22	9 70	<20 <20	1995–2006 1995–2006	OS 75%; DFS 63% (5); TRM 7%; RI 30% OS 54%; DFS 50% (5); TRM 31%; RI 18%
Yamamoto (2020)^Citation26	13	<19	1990–2014	OS 85%; DFS 78% (5)
Testi (2021)^Citation27	8	13.9 (2.4–24.9)	1994–2017	OS 87.5%; EFS 73% (10) TRM 0%

Abbreviations: CCR, continuous complete remission; DFS, disease-free survival; EFS, event-free survival; FU, follow-up; mos, months; OS, overall survival; RI, relapse index; TRM, therapy-related mortality.

Table 3 Results of Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in CR2 and VHR CR1

Author ^(Reference)	N. Pts	Median Age (Years) (Range)	Years	Purging	Conditioning Regimen	Outcome (Years)
Billet (1993)^Citation29	66 CR1, CR2	8 (3–18)	1980–1990	MoAbs	ETP+CA+CY+ TBI	EFS 47% (3)
Billet (1993)^Citation30	51 CR2	9 (3–18)	1980–1991	MoAbs	ETP+CA+CY+TBI	EFS 53% (NR)
Messina (1998)^Citation32	154 CR2; >CR2	10 (3–21)	1984–1994	ASTA-Z	TBI+CY; BU+CY	EFS-CR2 34.6%; EFS >CR2 10.6% (8)
Maldonado (1998)^Citation31	55 CR2	8 (3–17)	1987–1994	MoAbs	TBI+CY	EFS 46% (6)
Borgmann (1995)^Citation33	66 CR2	6.3 (2–18)	1983–1994	MoAbs/ASTA-Z	ETP+TBI±CY/ETP+CY+BU or Thiotepa	EFS 26% (9)
Balduzzi (2001–2011)^Citation35	30 CR2	9 (5–16)	1997–1999	MoAbs	TBI+CY+ETP	OS 86.5%; EFS 73.3% (5)
Houtenbos (2001)^Citation36	24 CR2; >CR2	(0->10)	1990–1996	VCR+ETP+Verapamil	TBI+verapamil+ETP+CY	OS 54%; DFS 42% (2)
Ribera (2007)^Citation37	38 VHR-CR1	(1–17)	1993–2002	No	TBI+CY; BU+CY	OS 45%; DFS 44% (5)
Hong (2018)^Citation38	10 VHR-CR1	4.3 (0.3–10.7)	1997–2012	No	BCVAC	OS 70%; EFS 70% (NR)
Capria (2018)^Citation39	28 VHR-CR1; CR2	31 (10–68)	1996–2015	No	BU+CY/ETP/Thiotepa/MEL	OS 46%; DFS 44% (10)

Abbreviations: ASTA-Z, maphosphamide; BCVAC, carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, cyclophosphamide; BU, busulfan; CA, cytarabine; CR1, first complete remission; CR2, second complete remission; CY, cyclophosphamide; DFS, disease-free survival; EFS, event-free survival; ETP, etoposide; MEL, melfalan; MoAbs, monoclonal antibodies; NR, not reported; OS, overall survival; pts, patients; TBI, total body irradiation; VCR, vincristine; VHR, very high risk.

Table 4 Results of Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Pediatric Relapsed/Refractory Aggressive B-Cell Lymphoma

Author ^(Reference)	N. Patients	Age (Years)	Years	Disease Status Before HSCT	Outcome (Years)
Loiseau (1991)^Citation68	24 auto (B-NHL 16)	< 18	NR	NR	OS 33% (NR)
Bureo (1995)^Citation69	46 (auto 32, allo 14) (B-NHL 25)	< 18	NR	NR	EFS 58% (NR)
Philip (1993)^Citation72	15 (auto 14, allo 1)	< 18	1984–1987	NR	EFS 27% (4)
Landestein (1997)^Citation77	89 auto	< 18	1979–1991	CR 24, PR 51, Res 14	EFS 39.4% (5)
Won (2006)^Citation70	12 auto (BL 6, DLBCL 6)	< 18	1997–2004	CR, no CR	EFS BL 66%; DLBCL 55% (2)
Gross (2010)^Citation78	93 (auto 52, allo 41) BL/BAL 41 (auto 17, allo 24) DLBCL 52 (auto 35, allo 17)	< 18	1990–2005	NR	BL/BAL: EFS auto 27%; allo 31% (5) DLBCL: EFS auto 50%; allo 52% (5)
Harris (2011)^Citation73	10 auto (B-NHL)	< 21	-	NR	EFS 70% (3)
Giulino-Roth (2013)^Citation71	36 (auto 15, allo 21) (B-NHL 9)	< 18	1982–2004	NR	DFS 53% auto and allo (10)
Jourdain (2015)^Citation74	41 (auto 33, allo 8)	< 20	1989–2007	CR 35, no CR 6	OS 46.3% (auto 48.5%; allo 37.5%) (5)
Hazar (2018)^Citation79	22 (auto 15, allo 7)	< 18	2006–2014	CR 13, PR 3, Res 6	EFS auto 53%; allo 86% (NR)
Rigaud (2019)^Citation75	21 (auto 13, allo 8)	< 18	2001–2011	CR 12, no CR 9	OS 54% (auto 54%; allo 50%) (5)
Burkhardt (2021)^Citation65	BL/BAL 254 (auto 64, allo 87) DLBCL 98 (auto 47, allo 25)	< 18	2000 - NR	CR, PR, SD, PD	BL/BAL: OS 28%; auto 44% allo 46% (8) DLBCL: OS 50%, (auto 68%; allo 55%) (8)
Woessman (2020)^Citation76	71 BL/BAL (auto 20, allo 26)	< 18	1986–2016	CR	OS auto 25%; allo 58% (3)
Satwani (2015)^Citation80	5 tandem auto-allo	7–33	2001–2011	CR 2, PR 3	5/5 alive
Gardenswartz (2018)^Citation81	13 tandem auto-allo	7–33	NR	Chemosensitive disease	EFS 91% (NR)

Abbreviations: Allo, allogeneic transplant; auto, autologous transplant; BAL, B acute leukemia; BL, Burkitt lymphoma; EFS, event free survival; CR, complete remission; DFS, disease free survival; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplant; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; NR, not reported; OS, overall survival; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial remission; Res, resistant; SD, stable disease.

Table 5 Results of Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Pediatric Relapsed/Refractory Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

Author ^(Reference)	N. Patients	Age (Years)	Years	Disease Status Before HSCT	Outcome (Years)
Won (2006)^Citation70	14 auto	< 18	1997–2004	CR, no CR	EFS 50% (2)
Mitsui (2009)^Citation85	33 (auto 7, allo 26)	< 15	1996–2004	CR, PR, PD	OS 43.2% (3)
Gross (2010)^Citation78	53 (auto 14, allo 39)	< 18	1990–2005	NR	EFS 4% auto; 40% allo (5)
Burkhardt (2009)^Citation86	14 (auto 2, allo 12)	< 18	1990–2003	CR, PR	CCR 0 auto; 5/12 allo
Michaux (2016)^Citation87	10 (auto 2, allo 8)	< 18	1997–2008	CR, PR, PD	2/2 deaths auto; 2/8 alive allo
Burkhardt (2021)^Citation65	T-LBL 177 (auto 12, allo 89) B-LBL 34	< 18	2000 - NR	CR, PR	T-LBL: OS 33% auto; 44% allo (8) B-LBL: OS 52% (8)

Abbreviations: Allo, allogeneic transplant; auto, autologous transplant; EFS, event free survival; CCR, continuous complete remission; CR, complete remission; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplant; LBL, lymphoblastic lymphoma; NR, not reported; OS, overall survival; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial remission.

Table 6 Results of Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Pediatric Relapsed/Refractory Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma

Author ^(Reference)	N. Patients	Age (Years)	Years	Disease Status Before HSCT	Outcome (Years)
Brugieres (2000)^Citation92	15 auto	< 18	1975–1997	CR	DFS 45% (3)
Mori (2006)^Citation93	Auto 8, allo 6	< 18	1989–2003	CR	RFS 33% auto; 100% allo (3)
Won (2006)^Citation70	7 auto	< 18	1997–2004	CR, no CR	EFS 100% (2)
Gross (2010)^Citation78	Auto 24, allo 12	< 18	1990–2005	NR	EFS 35% auto; 46% allo (5)
Woessmann (2011)^Citation95	39 auto	< 18	1990–2003	CR	EFS 59%; OS 77% (5)
Fukano (2015)^Citation94	Auto 23, allo 24	< 18	1990–2010	CR 16/23 auto, CR 8/24 allo	EFS 38% auto; 50% allo (5)
Knorr (2020)^Citation96	Auto 22, allo 36	< 21	2004–2014	CR 21/22 auto, NR allo	EFS 41% auto; 81% allo (5)

Abbreviations: Allo, allogeneic transplant; auto, autologous transplant; EFS, event free survival; CR, complete remission; DFS, disease free survival; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplant; NR, not reported; OS, overall survival; RFS, relapse free survival.

Table 7 Results of Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant in Pediatric Relapsed/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma

Author ^(Reference)	N. Patients	Median Age (Years) (Range)	Years	Disease Evaluation Before HSCT	Outcome (Years)
Williams (1993)^Citation105	81	16.9 (5.2–32.6)	< 1992	NR	PFS 39% (3)
Brice (1997)^Citation99	280	30 (5–59)	1982–1993	NR	OS 66%; PFS 60% (4)
Baker (1999)^Citation106	53	< 21	1984–1996	NR	OS 43%; EFS 31% (5)
Verdeguer (2000)^Citation109	20	10.5 (5–18)	1986–1997	NR	OS 95%; EFS 62% (5)
Stoneham (2004)^Citation107	51	12 (3–16)	1982–2000	RX/CT	34 patients alive (median FU 4.5 years)
Frankovich (2001)^Citation108	34	17 (7–21)	1989–1998	RX/CT	OS 79%; DFS 67% (5)
Lieskovsky (2004)^Citation110	41	18 (7–20)	1989–2001	RX/CT	OS 68%; EFS 53% (5)
Claviez (2008)^Citation111	74	14 (84–18)	NR	NR	OS 59%; PFS 50% (5)
Schellong (2005)^Citation113	53	14.7 (4.3–24.5)	1986–2003	RX/TC	OS 75%; EFS 57% (10)
Metzger (2010)^Citation118	50	16.1 (14.9–22)	1990–2006	CT/FDG-PET	OS 58% (5)
Gorde-Crosjean (2011)^Citation119	50	15 (4–20)	1990–2006	CT/FDG-PET	OS 66%; DFS 64% (median FU 40 mos)
Harris (2011)^Citation73	28	< 21	2000–2010	NR	OS 63%; EFS 65% (3)
Sumaili (2014)^Citation117	29	9.8 (3.6–16.7)	1995–2012	NR	OS 61.9%; EFS 60.4% (5)
Garfin (2015)^Citation112	89	17.8 (8–21)	1989–2012	CT/FDG-PET	OS 71%; EFS 65% (5)
Satwani (2015)^Citation114	606	23 (3–29)	1995–2010	NR	OS 58%; PFS 47% (5)
Hazar (2015)^Citation79	66	15 (7–20)	1993–2013	NR	OS 63%; EFS 54% (median FU 43 mos)
Giulino-Roth (2018)^Citation115	36	17.7 (9.7–21)	1989–2013	CT/FDG-PET	OS 74.1%; EFS 67.1% (10)

Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; DFS, disease free survival; EFS, event free survival; FDG/PET, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography; FU, follow-up; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplant; mos, months; NR, not reported; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression free survival; RX, radiography.

Amadori S, Testi AM, Aricò M, et al. Prospective comparative study of bone marrow transplantation and postremission chemotherapy for childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1995;11(6):1046–1054. doi:10.1200/JCO.1993.11.6.1046

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ravindranath Y, Yeager AM, Chang MN, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation versus intensive consolidation chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia in childhood. Pediatric Oncology Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1428–1434. doi:10.1056/NEJM199605303342203

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stevens RF, Hann IM, Wheatley K, Gray RG. Marked improvements in outcome with chemotherapy alone in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: results of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council’s 10th AML trial. Br J Haematol. 1998;101:130–140. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00677.x

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Woods WG, Neudorf S, Gold S, et al. A comparison of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and aggressive chemotherapy in children with acute myeloid leukemia in remission: a report from Children’s Cancer Group. Blood. 2001;97(1):56–62. doi:10.1182/blood.v97.1.56

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shaw PJ, Bergin ME, Burgess MA, et al. Childhood acute myeloid leukemia: outcome in a single center using chemotherapy and consolidation with busulfan/cyclophosphamide for bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(10):2138–2145. doi:10.1200/JCO.1994.12.10.2138

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Pession A, Masetti R, Rizzari C, et al. Results of the AIEOP AML 2002/01 multicenter prospective trial for the treatment of children with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2013;122(2):170–178. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-03-491621

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sakaguchi H, Muramatsu H, Hasegawa D, et al. Comparison of conditioning regimens for autologous stem cell transplantation in children with acute myeloid leukemia: a nationwide retrospective study in Japan. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66:e27459. doi:10.1002/pbc.27459

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Alonzo TA, Wells RJ, Woods WG, et al. Postremission therapy for children with acute myeloid leukemia: the Children’s Cancer Group experience in the transplant era. Leukemia. 2005;19:965–970. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2403763

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Termulhen AM, Klopfenstein K, Olshefski R, et al. Mobilization of PML-RARA negative blood stem cell transplantation in children with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;51:521–524. doi:10.1002/pbc.21514

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dvorak CC, Agaewal MA, Dahl GV, Gregory JJ, Feusner JH. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant for pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2008;14:824–830. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.04.015

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chakrabarty JLH, Rubinger M, Le Rademacher J, et al. Autologous is superior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute promyelocytic leukemia in second complete remission. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20(7):1021.1025. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.03.025

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yamamoto S, Tomizawa D, Kudo K, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia in Japan. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2020;67(5):e28181. doi:10.1002/pbc.28181

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Testi AM, Mohamed S, Diverio D, et al. Outcome of relapsed/refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia in children, adolescents and young adult patients – a 25-year Italian experience. Br J Haematol. 2021;195(2):278–283. doi:10.1111/bjh.17637

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Billet AL, Kornmehl E, Tabell NJ, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation after a long first remission for children with recurrent acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1993;81(6):1651–1657.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Billet AL, Sallan SE. Autologous bone marrow transplantation in childhood acute lymphoid leukemia with use of purging. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1993;15(2):162–168.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Messina C, Cesaro S, Rondelli R, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Italy. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998;21:1015–1021.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Maldonado MS, Diaz-Heredia C, Badell J, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation with monoclonal antibody purged marrow for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second remission. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998;22:1043–1047. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1701507

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Borgmann A, Schmid H, Hartmann R, et al. Autologous bone-marrow transplants compared with chemotherapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in a second remission: a matched-pair analysis. Lancet. 1995;346:873–876. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92710-7

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Balduzzi A, Galimberti S, Valsecchi MG, et al. Autologous purified peripheral blood stem cell transplantation compare to chemotherapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia after low-risk relapse. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;57:654–659. doi:10.1002/pbc.23169

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Houtenbos I, Bracho F, Davenport V, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a novel combined approach consisting of ex vivo marrow purging, modulation of multi-drug resistance, induction of autograft vs leukemia effect, and post-transplant immune- and chemotherapy (PTIC). Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001;27:145–153. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1702750

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ribera JM, Ortega JJ, Oriol A, et al. Comparison of intensive chemotherapy, allogeneic, or autologous stem-cell transplantation as postremission treatment for children with very high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: PETHEMA ALL-93 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(1):16–24. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.06.8312

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hong CR, Kang HJ, Park KD, Shin HY, Ahn HS. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation with BCVAC regimen followed by maintenance chemotherapy for children with very high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Hematol. 2018;107:355–362. doi:10.1007/s12185-017-2355-5

 Google Scholar

Capria V, Pepe S, Trisolini SM, et al. Autologous stem cell transplant in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prognostic impact of pre-transplant minimal residual disease. Leuk Lymphoma. 2019;60(1):274–276. doi:10.1080/10428194.2018.1468895

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Loiseau HA, Hartmann O, Valteau D, et al. High-dose chemotherapy containing busulfan followed by bone marrow transplantation in 24 children with refractory or relapsed non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1991;8(6):465–472.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Bureo E, Ortega JJ, Munoz A, et al. Bone marrow transplantation in 46 pediatric patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Spanish Working Party for Bone Marrow transplantation in children. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1995;15:353–359.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Philip T, Bergeron C, Frappaz D. Management of paediatric lymphoma. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1996;9(4):769–797. doi:10.1016/s0950-3536(96)80053-9

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Ladenstein R, Pearce R, Hartmann O, Patte C, Goldstone T, Philip T. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow rescue in children with poor-risk Burkitt’s lymphoma: a report from the European Lymphoma Bone Marrow Transplantation registry. Blood. 1997;90:2921–2930.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Won SC, Han JW, Known SY, et al. Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in children with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a report from Korean society of pediatric hematology-oncology. Ann Hematol. 2006;85:787–794. doi:10.1007/s00277-006-0169-2

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gross TG, Hale GA, He W, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory or recurrent non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2010;16:223–230. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.09.021

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Harris RE, Termuhlen AM, Smith ML, et al. Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in children with relapsed or refractory lymphoma: results of Children’s Oncology Group Study A5962. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2011;17(2):249–258. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.07.002

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Giulino-Roth L, Ricafort L, Keman NA, et al. Ten-year follow up of pediatric patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(12):2018–2024. doi:10.1002/pbc.24722

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Jourdan A, Auperin A, Minard-Colin V, et al. Outcome and prognostic factors for relapse in children and adolescents with mature B-cell lymphoma and leukemia treated in three consecutive prospective “Lymphomes Malins B” protocols. A Societè Francaise des Cancers de l’Enfant Study. Haematologica. 2015;100(6):810–817. doi:10.3324/haematol.2014.121434

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hazar V, Kesik V, Karasu GT, et al. Risk factors predicting the survival of pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective study from the Turkish pediatric bone marrow transplantation registry. Leuk Lymphoma. 2018;59(1):85–96. doi:10.1080/10428194.2017.1330472

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rigaud C, Auperin A, Jourdain A, et al. Outcome of relapse in children and adolescents with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and mature acute leukemia: a report from the French LMB study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(9):e27873. doi:10.1002/pbc.27873

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Burkhardt B, Taj M, Garnier N, et al. Treatment and outcome analysis of 639 relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphomas in children and adolescents and resulting treatment recommendations. Cancers. 2021;13(9):2075. doi:10.3390/cancers13092075

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Woessmann W, Zimmermann M, Meinhardt A, et al. Progressive or relapsed Burkitt lymphoma or leukemia in children and adolescents after BFM-type first-line therapy. Blood. 2020;135(14):1124–1132. doi:10.1182/blood.2019003591

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Satwani P, Jin Z, Martin PL, et al. Sequential myeloablative autologous stem cell transplantation and reduced intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is safe and feasible in children, adolescents and young adults with poor-risk refractory or recurrent Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia. 2015;29:448–455. doi:10.1038/leu.2014.194

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gardenswartz A, Mehta B, El-Mallawany N, et al. Safety and efficacy of myeloablative conditioning autologous stem cell transplantation, target immunotherapy, and reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation in children, adolescents, and young adults with relapsed/refractory mature B-cell non Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2018;182(Suppl. 1):23 (abstract 28).

 Google Scholar

Mitsui T, Mori T, Fujita N, Inada H, Horibe K, Tsurusawa M. Lymphoma Committee, Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group. Retrospective analysis of relapsed or primary refractory childhood lymphoblastic lymphoma in Japan. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;52:591–595. doi:10.1002/pbc.21941

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Burkhardt B, Reiter A, Landmann E, et al. Poor outcome of children and adolescents with progressive disease or relapse of lymphoblastic lymphoma: a report from Berlin-Frankfurt- Muenster Group. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3363–3369. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.3367

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Michaux K, Bergeron C, Gandemer V, Mechinaud F, Uyttebroeck A, Bertrand Y; SFCE: the EORTC Children Leukemia Group. Relapsed or refractory lymphoblastic lymphoma in children: results and analysis of 23 patients in the EOTC 58951 and the LMT96 protocols. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016;63:1214–1221. doi:10.1002/pbc.25990

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Brugieres L, Quartier P, Le Deley MC, et al. Relapses of childhood anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: treatment results in a series of 41 children – a report from French Society of Pediatric Oncology. Ann Oncol. 2000;11:53–58. :

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mori T, Takimoto T, Katano N, et al. Recurrent childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of registered cases in Japan. Br J Haematol. 2006;132:594–597. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05910.x

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Woessmann W, Zimmermann M, Lenhard M, et al. Relapsed or refractory anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents after Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster (BFM)-type first-line therapy: a BFM-group study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(22):3065–3071. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.34.8417

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fukano R, Mori T, Kobayashi R, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for relapsed or refractory anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a study of children and adolescents in Japan. Br J Haematol. 2015;168(4):557–563. doi:10.1111/bjh.13167

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Knorr F, Brugieres L, Pillon M, et al. European Intergroup for Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Stem cell transplant and vinblastine monotherapy for relapsed pediatric anaplastic large cell lymphoma: results of the International, prospective ALCL-relapse trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(34):3999–4009. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.00157

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Williams CD, Goldstone AH, Pearce R, et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for pediatric Hodgkin’s disease: a case-matched comparison with adult patients by the European Bone Marrow Transplant Group Lymphoma Registry. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(11):2243–2249. doi:10.1200/JCO.1993.11.11.2243

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Brice P, Bouabdallah R, Moreau P, et al. Prognostic factors for survival after high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with relapsing Hodgkin’s disease: analysis of 280 patients from the French registry. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1997;20:21–26. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1700838

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Baker KS, Gordon BG, Gross TG, et al. Autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin disease in children and adolescents. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:825–831. doi:10.1200/JCO.1999.17.3.825

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Verdeguer A, Pardo N, Madero L, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation for advanced Hodgkin’s disease in children. Spanish group for BMT in children (GETMON), Spain. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;25:31–34. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1702094

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stoneham S, Ashley S, Pinkerton CR, Wallace WH, Shankar AG; United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group. Outcome after autologous hemopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory childhood Hodgkin disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2004;26:740–745. doi:10.1097/00043426-200411000-00010

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Frankovich J, Donaldson SS, Lee Y, Wong RM, Amylon M, Verneris MR. High-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation in children with primary refractory and relapsed Hodgkin’s disease: atopy predicts idiopathic diffuse lung injury syndromes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2001;7:49–57. doi:10.1053/bbmt.2001.v7.pm11215699

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lieskovsky YE, Donaldson SS, Torres MA, et al. High-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for recurrent or refractory pediatric Hodgkin’s disease: results and prognostic indices. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4532–4540. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.02.121

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Claviez A, Sureda A, Schmitz N. Haematopoietic SCT for children and adolescents with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008;42(Suppl 2):S16–S24. doi:10.1038/bmt.2008.278

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Schellong G, Dorffel W, Claviez A, et al. Salvage therapy of progressive and recurrent Hodgkin’s disease: results from a multicenter study of the pediatric DAL/GPOH-HD Study Group. J Clin Ocol. 2005;23(25):6181–6189. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.07.930

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Metzger ML, Hudson MM, Krasin MJ, et al. Initial response to salvage therapy determines prognosis in relapsed pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Cancer. 2010;116:4376–4384. doi:10.1002/cncr.25225

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gorde-Grosjean S, Oberlin O, Leblanc T, et al. Outcome of children and adolescents with recurrent/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma, a study from the Societe Francaise de Lutte centre le Cancer des Enfants et des Adolescents (SFCE). Br J Haematol. 2012;158:649–656. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09199.x

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sumaili H, Al-Kofide A, Al-Seraihi A, et al. Outcome of pediatric patients with lymphoma following stem cell transplant: a single institution report. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56(5):1327–1334. doi:10.3109/10428194.2014.951846

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Garfin PM, Link MP, Donaldson SS, et al. Improved outcomes after autologous bone marrow transplantation for children with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. Biol Blood Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;21:326–334. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.10.020

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Satwani P, Ahn KW, Carreras J, et al. A prognostic model predicting autologous transplantation outcomes in children, adolescents and young adults with Hodgkin lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2015;50:1416–1423. doi:10.1038/bmt.2015.177

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Giulino-Roth L, O’Donohue T, Chen Z, et al. Outcome of children and adolescents with relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma treated with high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation: the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center experience. Leuk Lymphoma. 2018;59(8):1861–1870. doi:10.1080/10428194.2017.1403601

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar