Short-Term Impact of Cardiac Intervention on the Nutritional Status of Malnourished Children with Congenital Heart Disease – A Report from a Developing African Country, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic and Clinical Profiles of Study Participants

Variables	Response	Frequency	Percent
Age in years	<1	10	6.8
	1–5	81	54.7
	5–10	35	23.6
	10–18	22	14.9
	Mean ± SD	5.0 ± 3.942
Sex	Male	63	42.6
	Female	85	57.4
Residence	Urban	82	55.4
	Rural	66	44.6
CHD	Cyanotic	9	6.8
	Acyanotic	139	93.2
PAH	Yes	59	39.9
Intervention	CATH lab	42	28.4
	Cardiac surgery	106	71.6
Follow-up	At 3 months	137	92.6
Follow-up	At 6 months	113	76.4

Table 2 Type of Cardiac Defects and Prevalence Among Study Participants

Variables	Frequency	Percent
Acyanotic CHD
PDA	59	39.8
PDA+VSD	2	1.4
PDA+ASD	1	0.7
PDA+PS	1	0.7
PDA+ASD+VSD+PS	1	0.7
VSD	29	19.6
VSD+PS	1	0.7
ASD	18	12.2
ASD+PS	1	0.7
ASD+AS	1	0.7
CoA	2	1.4
PS	13	12.2
CMR	2	1.4
APW	1	1.4
SAM with LVOO	3	3.4
SAM with LVOO+VSD+PDA	1	0.7
AVSD	3	2.7
Cyanotic CHD
TOF	4	2.7
D-TGA+ASD	1	0.7
D-TGA	1	0.7
TAPVR	1	2.0
TAPVR+ASD	1	0.7
TAPVR+VSD	1	0.7

Table 3 Magnitude of Wasting, Stunting and Underweight, Pre and Post Corrective Cardiac Intervention

Nutritional Status	Response	Pre-Intervention		3 months Post Intervention		6 months Post Intervention
		N	%	N	%	N	%
Underweight	Yes	68	54.0	44	40.7	29	29.3
	No	58	46.0	64	59.3	70	70.7
Wasting	Yes	80	54.1	51	39.2	29	25.9
	No	68	45.9	79	60.8	83	74.1
Stunting	Yes	88	59.5	64	49.2	39	34.8
	No	60	40.5	66	50.8	73	65.2

Table 4 Severity of Under Nutrition at Pre and Post Intervention Period

Nutritional Status		Pre-Intervention (%)	3^rd Month (%)	6^th Month (%)
Underweight	No	46	59.3	70.7
	Moderate	27.8	23.1	18.2
	Severe	26.2	17.6	11.1
Wasting	No	45.9	60	74.1
	Moderate	27.7	25	18.8
	Severe	26.4	15	7.1
Stunting	No	40.5	50.8	65.2
	Moderate	37.2	29.2	24.1
	Severe	22.3	20	10.7

Table 5 Comparison of the Mean ± SD of Z-Scores of ZWA, ZWH/BAZ and ZHA

Paired Samples Test		Paired Differences		t	p-Value
		Mean	SD
Pair 1	ZWA baseline– ZWA 3 months	−1.58	11.75	−1.40	0.17
Pair 2	ZWA baseline– ZWA 6 months	−1.03	1.18	−8.72	<0.001*
Pair 3	ZHA baseline– ZHA 3 months	−0.32	1.13	−3.18	<0.001*
Pair 4	ZHA baseline– ZHA 6 months	−0.59	1.51	−4.13	<0.001*
Pair 5	ZWH/BAZ baseline–ZWH/ BAZ 3 months	−0.40	1.32	−3.47	<0.001*
Pair 6	ZWH/BAZ baseline–ZWH/BAZ 6 months	−0.80	1.55	−5.49	<0.001*

Note: *p-Value with statistical significance in bold.

Figure 1 Trends in the mean Z scores before and after corrective intervention.

Table 6 Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis for Underweight at 6 months Post Intervention

Variables	Category	COR	95% CI for COR		AOR	95% CI for AOR		p-Value
			Lower	Upper		Lower	Upper
Age at correction		0.680	0.556	0.831	0.677	0.548	0.836	<0.001*
Residence	Urban	2.189	0.906	5.293	1.360	0.469	3.943	0.571
	Rural	1
PAH	Yes	0.424	0.175	1.025	0.338	0.121	0.950	0.040*
	No	1
CATH-lab intervention	Yes	3.059	0.952	9.829	1.994	0.502	7.919	0.326
	No	1

Note: *p-Value with statistical significance in bold.

Table 7 Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis for Wasting at 6 months Post Intervention

Variables	Category	COR	95% CI for COR				AOR		95% CI for AOR				p-Value
			Lower		Upper				Lower		Upper
Sex	M	0.528	0.225		1.242		0.453		0.162		1.268		0.132
	F	1
Residence	Urban	2.638	1.110		6.270		1.198		0.417		3.443		0.737
	Rural	1
PAH	Yes	0.340	0.143		0.812		0.286		0.088		0.929		0.037*
	No	1
CATH-lab intervention	Yes	3.013	0.953		9.527		1.815		0.449		7.341		0.403
	No	1
Age at correction		0.818	0.727		0.921		0.792		0.696		0.902		<0.001*

Note: *p-Value with statistical significance in bold.

Table 8 Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis for Stunting at 6 months Post Intervention

Variables	Category	COR	95% CI for COR		AOR	95% CI for AOR		p-Value
			Lower	Upper		Lower	Upper
Sex	Male	0.495	0.224	1.093	0.565	0.246	1.301	0.180
	Female	1
Residence	Urban	0.378	0.170	0.842	1.882	0.796	4.448	0.150
	Rural
Pulmonary hypertension	No	2.536	1.139	5.645	0.566	0.231	1.389	0.214
	Yes	1
CATH intervention	Yes	2.865	1.059	7.749	1.834	0.616	5.459	0.276
	No	1