In vitro diagnosis of sepsis: a review

Figures & data

Table 1 Commercially available molecular techniques for the diagnosis of sepsis using positive blood cultures

Assay	Manufacturer	Principles of the assay	Pathogens detected (N)	Execution time (hours)	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Ref
Prove-it™ Sepsis	Mobidiag, Espoo, Finland	Multiplex PCR combined with microarray	83 pathogens (19 GP, 51 GN, 13 fungi), 3 DRM	3	94.7	98.8	74
Verigene® BC-GP	Nanosphere, Chicago, IL, USA	Hybridization on microarray	9 species, 4 genera, 3 DRM	2.5	50–100	98.8–100	81,83,84
Verigene^® BC-GN	Nanosphere, Chicago, IL, USA	Hybridization on microarray	5 species, 4 genera, 6 DRM	2	50–100	99.4–100	83,84,132
FilmArray®	Biofire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, UT, USA	Multiplex PCR system	24 pathogens (8 GP, 11 GN, 5 species of Candida), 4 DRM	1	88–100	>98	79,86,87
PNA-FISH	AdvanDx Inc., woburn, MA, USA	Fluorescence in situ hybridization with PNA probes	12 pathogens, (5 GP, 2 GN, 5 species of Candida)	2–3	99	100	2,70,134,135
MALDI-TOF MS	Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA, USA; or BioMèrieux, l’Etoile, France	Mass spectrometry	Hundreds of pathogens	1–2	76–98	>96	91,93,133
PLEX-ID BAC	Abbott Molecular, Ibis Biosciences, Carlsbad, CA, USA	Multiplex real-time PCR/ESI-MS	>600 bacteria and Candida species of 4 DRM	4–6	95	98.9	96,97,99

Abbreviations: PCR, polymerase chain reaction; GP, Gram-positive; GN, Gram-negative; DRM, drug-resistant marker; BC-GP, Gram-positive blood culture; BC-GN, Gram-negative blood culture; PNA-FISH, peptide nucleic acid-fluorescent in situ hybridization; MALDI-TOF MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; ESI-MS, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; Ref, reference.

Table 2 Commercially available molecular techniques for assay of sepsis in whole blood

Assay	Manufacturer	Principles of the assay	Pathogens detected (N)	Execution time (hours)	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Ref
LightCycler^® SeptiFast Test MGRADE	Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland	Multiplex real-time PCR	25 pathogens (10 GN, 9 GP, 6 fungi), mecA genes	6	79.0–91.3	88.1–96.0	79,111,114,116
SepsiTest^®	Molzym, Bremen, Germany	Broad-range PCR with sequencing	>345 pathogens	8–12	87.0	85.8	2,77,110,122
VYOO^®	SIRS Lab, Jena, Germany	Multiplex real-time PCR with electrophoresis	39 pathogens (14 GP, 18 GN, 7 fungi), 5 DRM	8	60.0	75.0	2,77,79,110,136
MagicPlex™ sepsis real-time	Seegene, Seoul, Korea	Multiplex real-time PCR	91 pathogens (73 GP, 12 GN, 6 fungi), 3 DRM	6	65	92	79,127,135
IRDICA	Abbott Molecular, Ibis Biosciences, Carlsbad, CA, USA	Multiplex real-time PCR/ESI-MS	Up to 800 pathogens, 4 DRM	6	83	94	95,96,129,131

Abbreviations: PCR, polymerase chain reaction; GN, Gram-negative; GP, Gram-positive; DRM, drug-resistant marker; ESI-MS, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; Ref, reference.