Factors associated with late ANC initiation among pregnant women in select public health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: unmatched case–control study design

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic variables of pregnant women in selected public health centers of Addis Ababa, April 2017

Characteristics	ANC initiation
	Late (cases=134) Number (%)	Early (controls=268) Number (%)
Religion
Orthodox Christian	91 (68.4)	209 (78.0)
Muslim	28 (21.1)	36 (13.4)
Protestant	13 (9.8)	22 (8.2)
Others	1 (0.8)	1 (0.4)
Ethnicity
Amhara	57 (42.5)	138 (51.5)
Oromo	37 (27.6)	58 (21.6)
Tigray	8 (6.0)	17 (6.3)
Gurage	29 (21.6)	46 (17.2)
Others	3 (2.2)	9 (3.4)
Place of birth
Born and grown up outside Addis Ababa	45 (33.6)	100 (37.3)
Born and grown up in Addis Ababa	89 (66.4)	168 (62.7)
Occupation
Merchant	18 (13.5)	42 (16.1)
Government employee	11 (8.3)	64 (24.5)
Housewife	62 (46.6)	69 (26.4)
Private employee	36 (27.1)	78 (29.9)
Others	6 (4.5)	8 (3.1)
Length of study (in years) in Addis Ababa
At the most 5 years	56 (62.2)	42 (25.3)
More than 5 years	34 (37.8)	124 (74.7)
Monthly income (in US dollars)
At least $45.5	66 (49.6)	53 (19.9)
($45.5–$90.0)	41 (30.8)	110 (41.4)
More than $90.0	26 (19.5)	103 (38.7)
Age in years
17–24	43 (32.1)	85 (31.7)
25–29	50 (37.3)	126 (40.0)
≥30	41 (30.6)	57 (21.3)
Age at first delivery in years
≤24	106 (79.1)	203 (75.7)
≥25	28 (20.9)	65 (24.3)
Education level
≤8th grade	67 (50)	64 (24.1)
≥9th grade	52 (50)	202 (75.9)
Current marital status
Married (living together)	113 (85.6)	250 (94.0)
Others (either separated, divorced or widowed)	19 (14.4)	16 (6.0)
Associated costs with first ANC attendance (in Birr)
≤184 (average payment)	55 (41.0)	182 (67.9)
>184 (average payment)	79 (59.0)	86 (32.1)

Abbreviation: ANC, antenatal care.

Table 2 Obstetric characteristics of pregnant women in selected public health centers of Addis Ababa, April 2017

Variables	ANC initiation time
	Late (n=134)	Early (n=268)
Gravidity
Primigravida	48 (35.8)	122 (45.5)
Multigravida	86 (64.2)	146 (54.5)
Parity
Primiparous	34 (25.4)	83 (31.0)
Multiparous	100 (74.6)	185 (69.0)
If the current pregnancy was intended
Not planned	32 (23.9)	22 (8.2)
Planned	102 (76.1)	246 (91.8)
Time between births (in years)
Birth interval ≤2	24 (46.2)	37 (44.6)
Birth interval ≥4	27 (53.8)	46 (55.4)
ANC initiation at first birth
No	53 (39.6)	140 (52.2)
Yes	81 (60.4)	128 (47.8)
History of spontaneous abortion
No	111 (82.8)	229 (85.4)
Yes	23 (17.2)	39 (14.6)
History of induced abortion
No	114 (85.1)	246 (91.8)
Yes	20 (14.9)	22 (8.2)

Abbreviation: ANC, antenatal care.

Table 3 Factors associated with late booking of ANC service in selected public health centers of Addis Ababa, April 2017

Predictors	ANC initiation	Odds ratio
	Late, early (n)	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Marital status
Married (living with husband)	113, 250	Reference	Reference
Others (separated, divorced or widowed)	19, 16	2.63 (1.30, 5.30)a	1.43 (0.89, 5.20)
Parity
Multiparous	34, 83	1.32 (0.83, 2.11)	2.59 (0.96, 6.98)
Primiparous	100, 185	Reference	Reference
First ANC attendance
No	53, 140	Reference	Reference
Yes	81, 128	1.67 (1.10, 2.55)a	0.45 (0.15, 1.36)
Age at pregnancy, years
≥25	28, 65	Reference	Reference
≤24	106, 203	1.2 (0.73, 2.00)	1.02 (0.40, 2.62)
Intended pregnancy
No	32, 22	3.51 (1.95, 6.32)b	2.73 (1.03, 7.23)b
Planned	102, 246	Reference	Reference
Monthly income (in US dollars)
≤$45.50	66, 53	4.93 (2.81, 8.65)b	6.67 (2.40, 18.60)a
$45.5–$90	41, 110	1.84 (0.84, 2.59)	1.74 (0.65, 4.63)a
>$90	26, 103	Reference	Reference
Advice from HEW and TV/radio
No	109, 64	13.76 (8.20, 23.09)b	5.21 (2.49, 10.88)b
Yes	25, 202	Reference	Reference
Number of years of stay in Addis
≤5	56, 42	4.86 (2.8, 8.44)b	3.93 (1.89, 8.12)b
>5	34, 124	Reference	Reference
Educational level
≤8th grade	67, 64	3.16 (2.03, 4.90)a	2.17 (1.03, 4.60)a
≥9th grade	67, 204	Reference	Reference

Note:

a p-value <0.05,

b p-value <0.000.

Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; HEW, health extension worker.