Factors associated with early cardiac complications following transcatheter aortic valve implantation with transapical approach

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic, clinical and periprocedural patient characteristics

Variables	Median (±IQR)
Age (years)	83 (10)
Logistic EuroSCORE (%)	20 (18.5)
Postprocedural intubation time (hours)	0 (3)
Creatinine levels (mg/dL)	1.1 (0.6)
Postprocedural blood loss volume (mL)	23 (200)
Gender, n (%)
Male	45 (50.0)
Female	45 (50.0)
Diabetes, n (%)	20 (22.2)
Chronic renal insufficiency, n (%)	21 (23.1)
BMI (kg/m^2), n (%)
≤24.9	31 (34.4)
>24.9	59 (65.6)
Oral inotropic agents, n (%)	16 (17.8)
Active smoking	52 (57.8)
Q wave infarction history	12 (13.3)
Statin therapy	71 (78.9)
Previous cardiac surgery	37 (41.1)
Hypercholesterolemia	70 (77.8)
Preprocedure cardiac rhythm
SR	65 (72.2)
AF	21 (23.3)
Pacemaker	4 (4.4)
Preprocedural coronary angiography	79 (87.8)
LV ejection fraction
Good	53 (58.9)
Moderate	28 (31.1)
Poor	9 (10.0)
Duration of postprocedural inotropic support (hours)
0	72 (81.8)
<12	7 (8.0)
12–24	3 (3.4)
>24	6 (6.8)

Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; IQR, interquartile range; LV, left ventricular; SR, sinus rhythm.

Table 2 Thirty-day incidence of cardiac complications post TAVI

Cardiac complications	n (%)
Overall	17 (18.9)
AV block requiring PPM implantation	3 (3.3)
Cardiac tamponade	2 (2.2)
NOAF	10 (11.1)
Pulseless VT and/or VF	2 (2.2)

Abbreviations: AV, atrioventricular; NOAF, new-onset atrial fibrillation; PPM, permanent pacemaker; TAVI, transcatheter aortic valve implantation; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia.

Table 3 Bivariate analyses between independent variables and cardiac complications

Independent variables	Cardiac complications n (%)		P-value
	No	Yes
Gender			0.8a
Male	36 (80.0)	9 (20.0)
Female	37 (82.2)	8 (17.8)
Age (years)	80.8 (7.8)	83.9 (5.2)	0.13b
EuroSCORE (%)	21.8 (12.7)	28.4 (14.6)	0.07b
Q wave infarction history			0.3a
Yes	11 (91.7)	1 (8.3)
No	62 (79.5)	16 (20.5)
Previous cardiac surgery			0.1a
Yes	33 (89.2)	4 (10.8)
No	40 (75.5)	13 (24.5)
Diabetes			0.6a
Yes	17 (85)	3 (15)
No	56 (80.0)	14 (20.0)
Hypercholesterolemia			0.25a
Yes	55 (78.6)	15 (21.4)
No	18 (90.0)	2 (10.0)
Statin therapy			0.3a
Yes	56 (78.9)	15 (21.1)
No	17 (89.5)	2 (10.5)
Active smoking			0.6a
Yes	43 (82.7)	9 (17.3)
No	30 (78.9)	8 (21.1)
BMI (kg/m^2)			0.6a
≤24.9	26 (83.9)	5 (16.1)
>24.9	47 (79.7)	12 (20.3)
Creatinine levels (mg/dL)			0.15a
≤1.4	47 (77.0)	14 (23.0)
>1.4	26 (89.7)	3 (10.3)
Chronic renal insufficiency			0.1c
Yes	20 (95.2)	1 (4.8)
No	53 (76.8)	16 (23.2)
Preprocedural cardiac rhythm			0.01c
SR and pacemaker	52 (75.4)	17 (24.6)
AF	21 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
Preprocedural coronary angiography			1.0c
Yes	64 (81.0)	15 (19.0)
No	9 (81.8)	2 (18.2)
LV ejection fraction			0.03d
Good	45 (84.9)	8 (15.1)
Moderate	24 (85.7)	4 (14.3)
Poor	4 (44.4)	5 (55.6)
Oral inotropic agents			0.01c
No	64 (86.5)	10 (13.5)
Yes	9 (56.3)	7 (43.8)
Duration of postprocedural inotropic support (hours)			0.01c
0	62 (86.1)	10 (13.9)
>0	9 (56.3)	7 (43.8)
Postprocedural blood loss volume (mL)			0.03a
0	39 (90.7)	4 (9.3)
>0	34 (72.3)	13 (27.7)
Postprocedural intubation time (hours)			0.001a
0	52 (91.2)	5 (8.8)
>0	21 (63.6)	12 (36.4)

Notes: Continuous variables are presented as mean (SD), while categorical variables are presented as n (%).

a χ² test;

b Student’s t-test;

c Fisher’s exact test;

d χ² trend test; Bold entries denote p≤0.01.

Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation, BMI, body mass index, LV, left ventricular, SR, sinus rhythm.