Sex differences in the quality of life of patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with percutaneous coronary intervention after a 3-year follow-up

Figures & data

Table 1 The influence of selected variables on the QoL score

Predictors from week 1
Sex	Women
Age	>60 years
BMI	Obesity/overweight
WHR	Abdominal obesity
Education	Primary
Occupational activity	Working
Marital status	Married
Smoking status	Nicotinism
Diabetes	Yes
Hypertension	Yes
Dyslipidemia	Yes

Abbreviations: QoL, quality of life; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist–hip ratio.

Table 2 Basic statistics of sociodemographic and clinical parameters characterizing the studied population of 140 patients

Feature	Females (n=70)	Males (n=70)	P-valuea
	n (%)	n (%)
Age, mean ± SD	67.6±12.7	59.2±10.7	<0.0001a
STEMI	56 (80.0)	61 (87.1)	0.362
NSTEMI	14 (20.0)	9 (12.9)
Education			<0.001
Primary	25 (35.7)	8 (11.4)
Vocational	15 (21.4)	40 (57.1)
Secondary	23 (32.9)	14 (20.0)
Higher	7 (10.0)	8 (11.4)
Source of livelihood			0.003
Occupationally active	12 (17.1)	27 (38.6)
Not working (disability pension, retirement pension)	58 (82.9)	43 (61.4)
Marital status			<0.001
Single	40 (57.1)	15 (21.5)
In a relationship	30 (42.9)	55 (78.6)
Nicotinism			<0.001
Yes	6 (8.6)	30 (42.9)
No	64 (91.4)	40 (57.1)
Positive family history of cardiovascular disease	32 (45.7)	47 (67.1)	0.017
Diabetes	28 (40.0)	15 (21.4)	0.028
Hypertension	50 (71.4)	26 (37.1)	<0.001
Hyperlipidemia	10 (14.3)	6 (8.6)	0.426
BMI (kg/m^2), mean ± SD	30.5±5.5	29.6±3.4	<0.001
WHR (cm/cm), mean ± SD	0.92±0.11	0.99±0.06	<0.001

Note:

a Pearson’s chi-square test.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist–hip ratio; NSTEMI, Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Table 3 Dynamics of changes in QoL after 1 week, 6 months, and 3 years of PCI by sex (females and males)

Questionnaire	First week		Sixth month		36th month		P-value
	M	95% CI	M	95% CI	M	95% CI
Females
MacNew emotional	3.81	3.54–4.09	4.72	4.39–5.05	4.99	4.76–5.23	<0.001
MacNew physical	3.05	2.70–3.40	4.18	3.86–4.49	4.48	4.22–4.75	<0.001
MacNew social	3.81	3.47–4.14	4.90	4.58–5.22	5.09	4.80–5.37	<0.001
MacNew global	3.56	3.26–3.87	4.60	4.29–4.91	4.86	4.61–5.11	<0.001
Males
MacNew emotional	4.32	4.00–4.64	5.18	4.93–5.43	5.31	5.03–5.60	<0.001
MacNew physical	3.74	3.35–4.12	4.79	4.49–5.09	4.93	4.62–5.24	<0.001
MacNew social	4.44	4.02–4.85	5.37	5.08–5.66	5.52	5.21–5.84	<0.001
MacNew global	4.17	3.81–4.53	5.11	4.84–5.39	5.26	4.96–5.55	<0.001

Abbreviations: QoL, quality of life; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; M, median; CI, confidence interval; MacNew, MacNew Heart Disease Health-Related Quality of Life.

Table 4 Measures of the dynamics of changes in QoL in males and females (MacNew Global)

i	t (months)	Females					Males
		yi(pts)	Δt/1(pts)	Δt/t–1(pts)	it/1(%)	it/t–1(%)	yi(pts)	Δt/1(pts)	Δt/t–1(pts)	it/1(%)	it/t–1(%)
1	1.5	3.56	0	–	100.0	–	4.17	0	–	100.0	–
2	6	4.60	1.04	1.04	129.2	129.2	5.11	0.94	0.94	122.5	122.5
3	36	4.86	1.3	0.26	136.5	105.7	5.26	1.09	0.15	126.1	102.9
		G=116.8%					G=112.3%

Abbreviations: QoL, quality of life; MacNew, MacNew Heart Disease Health-Related Quality of Life; pts, points.

Table 5 Univariate analysis of variance (F) and correlation (ρ) and multivariate regression analysis of the influence of baseline predictors on the long-term QoL (B₃) for the entire group of patients treated with PCI

Variable	Univariate analysis		Multivariate regression analysis
	ρ/F	P-value	β	P-value
Female sex	−0.190	0.045	−0.210	0.039
Age >60 years	−0.255	0.007	−0.186	0.048
BMI	−0.126	0.183	–	ns
WHR	0.030	0.750		ns
Education	−0.031	0.742		ns
Occupational activity (working)	6.11	0.015
Marital status (married)	0.097	0.308		ns
Smoking status (nicotinism)	−0.112	0.239	–	ns
Diabetes	−0.261	0.006	−0.216	0.020
Hypertension	−0.069	0.465	–	ns
Dyslipidemia	0.105	0.267	–	ns

Notes: Statistical significance P<0.05 shown in bold.

Abbreviations: QoL, quality of life; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; BMI, body mass index; ns, not significant; WHR, waist–hip ratio.

Table 6 Univariate analysis of variance (F) and correlation (ρ) and multivariate regression analysis of the influence of baseline predictors on the long-term QoL (B₃) of males treated with PCI

Variable	Univariate analysis of variance (F) and correlation (ρ)		Multivariate regression analysis
	ρ/F	P-value	β	P-value
Age >60 years	−0.165	0.194	–	ns
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.032	0.802	–	ns
WHR (cm/cm)	−0.108	0.399	–	ns
Education	0.053	0.43	–	ns
Occupational activity	4.24	0.044	–	ns
Marital status, married	0.21	0.647	–	ns
Nicotinism	−0.123	0.31	–	ns
Diabetes	−0.32	0.06	–	ns
Hypertension	2.43	0.097	–	ns
Dyslipidemia	2.75	0.29	–	ns

Notes: F(8; 52) =4.49; P<0.001; R=0.639. Statistical significance P<0.05 shown in bold.

Abbreviations: QoL, quality of life; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; ns, not significant; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist–hip ratio.

Table 7 Univariate analysis of variance (F) and correlation (ρ) and multivariate regression analysis of the influence of baseline predictors on the long-term QoL (B₃) of females treated with PCI

Variable	Univariate analysis of variance (F) and correlation (ρ)		Multivariate regression analysis
	ρ/F	P-value	β	P-value
Age >60 years	−0.330	0.022	−0.375	0.011
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.276	0.056	–	ns
WHR (cm/cm)	−0.240	0.097	–	ns
Occupational activity	0.83	0.367	–	ns
Marital status, married	2.43	0.126	–	ns
Blood pressure	1.34	0.275	–	ns
Dyslipidemia	0.62	0.543	–	ns
Diabetes	−0.028	0.052	–	ns

Notes: F(2; 44) =4.32; P=0.019; R=0.405. Statistical significance P<0.05 shown in bold.

Abbreviations: QoL, quality of life; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; BMI, body mass index; ns, not significant; WHR, waist–hip ratio.