Patients’ empowerment, physicians’ perceptions, and achievement of therapeutic goals in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mexico

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of Mexican patients with diabetes mellitus included in the 3-week IDMPS study

Basal characteristics	T1DM patients (n=203)	T2DM patients (n=2,439)
Age (years), median (IQ range)	27.0 (22–54)	57.0 (32–88)
Female, %	60.6	60.2
Residency in urban areas, %	91.0	89.0
Illiteracy, %	2.2	5.7
University education, %	60.6	32.1
Private health insurance, %	11.1	9.2
Public health insurance, %	62.4	52.8
Time since diagnosis of diabetes
<1 year, %	8.5	17.3
1–4 years, %	21.1	21.8
5–9 years, %	23.1	25.6
10–19 years, %	29.6	26.0
≥20 years, %	17.6	9.2
History of hypertension, %	23.2	54.8
Current smoking status, %	7.9	6.6
Any diabetes-related complication, %	39.1	45.2
BMI, mean (SD)	24.62 (4.27)	29.60 (5.78)
Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD)	83.84 (11.87)	98.81 (13.63)
SBP (mmHg), mean (SD)	114.94 (18.23)	126.76 (17.46)
DBP (mmHg), mean (SD)	73.60 (10.05)	77.61 (9.60)
Fasting glycemia (mg/dL), mean (SD)	161.62 (80.90)	166.42 (78.03)
HbA1c, mean (SD)	8.80 (2.34)	7.99 (2.14)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD)	179.59 (49.85)	194.00 (47.49)
Triglycerides (mg/dL), mean (SD)	128.63 (114.74)	197.09 (118.61)

Abbreviations: IDMPS, International Diabetes Management Practices Study; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; IQ, interquartile; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.

Table 2 Characteristics of treatment of Mexican patients with diabetes mellitus included in the 3-week IDMPS study

Variable	T1DM patients	T2DM patients				Total T2DM patients
		OGLD treatment alone	Insulin treatment alone	OGLD + insulin	Diet and exercise
Class of OGLD treatment, %
Metformin	38.5	20.6	0	26.8	0	22.2
Sulfonylureas	7.7	10.2	0	8.2	0	9.6
Metformin + sulfonylureas	17.9	45.3	0	41.2	0	44.2
Other	35.9	23.9	0	23.7	0	23.9
Current insulin treatment, %
Basal alone	28.0	0	65.3	71.0	0	69.1
Basal + prandial	60.0	0	13.2	11.2	0	11.9
Others	1.5	0	3.4	1.8	0	2.3
Prandial alone	3.0	0	1.9	1.3	0	1.5
Premix alone	7.5	0	16.2	14.7	0	15.2
Detail of prandial insulin for basal + prandial scheme, %
Basal + aspart	12.6	0	11.4	5.0	0	7.4
Basal + lispro	62.2	0	48.6	48.3	0	48.4
Basal + regular insulin	23.5	0	37.1	26.7	0	30.5
Basal + glulisine	1.7	0	2.9	20.0	0	13.7
Detail of basal insulin for basal + prandial scheme, %
Prandial + NPH	51.3	0	40.0	52.5	0	47.9
Prandial + glargine	39.5	0	51.4	33.9	0	40.4
Prandial + detemir	8.4	0	5.7	6.8	0	6.4
Prandial + other basal	0.8	0	2.9	6.8	0	5.3

Abbreviations: IDMPS, International Diabetes Management Practices Study; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; OGLD, oral glucose lowering drug; NPH, neutral protamine Hagedorn.

Table 3 Characteristics of insulin treatment and achievement of therapeutic targets in Mexican patients with diabetes mellitus included in the 3-week IDMPS study

Variable	T1DM patients	T2DM patients				Total T2DM patients
		OGLD treatment alone	Insulin treatment alone	OGLD + insulin	Diet and exercise
Patients having glucometer at home, %	84.2	51.7	68.4	70.8	29.3	56.9
Patient self-monitoring of fasting capillary blood glucose, %	80.5	50.2	62.5	70.1	28.4	55.2
Frequency of fasting self-monitoring per month, mean (SD)	31.3 (28.2)	9.4 (10.8)	15.7 (17.0)	14.2 (12.4)	11.6 (20.0)	11.6 (12.6)
Last self-monitoring fasting capillary blood glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL	141.9 (69.6)	141.4 (59.9)	151.0 (56.2)	154.9 (65.4)	114.8 (23.4)	145.9 (61.0)
Patient self-monitoring of prandial capillary blood glucose, %	57.8	22.7	29.9	36.4	9.3	26.1
Patients at target HbA1c <7%, %	20.9	46.2	19.3	19.4	46.3	36.8
Patients at target HbA1c <7% + BP <130/80 mmHg + LDL <100 mg/dL, %	5.3	3.7	0.4	1.2	2.9	2.7
Frequency of prandial self-monitoring per month, mean (SD)	19.7 (22.0)	7.8 (8.2)	8.4 (9.5)	10.3 (11.5)	17.9 (30.7)	8.8 (10.1)
Last self-monitoring prandial capillary blood glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL	177.9 (73.9)	161.5 (64.1)	173.5 (74.7)	184.8 (71.9)	124.8 (24.3)	169.7 (68.5)
Patients perceived at target by their treating physicians, %	30.5	43.2	34.6	28.4	41.3	38.9
Perceived reasons for not reaching the target
No compliance to lifestyle recommendations, %	50	50.4	43.9	46.1	37.8	48.2
No compliance to drug treatments, %	8.8	13.0	11.5	12.5	27.0	13.0
Concomitant illness, %	5.9	5.3	16.6	11.9	2.7	8.3
Weight concern, %	1.5	6.7	4.5	4.1	0	5.5
Hypoglycemia events, %	5.1	0.3	2.5	2.2	0	1.0
Insufficient education, %	13.2	17.1	18.5	11.9	18.9	15.9
No self-monitoring of blood glucose, %	1.5	2.0	1.9	1.6	2.7	1.9
Insufficient self-monitoring of blood glucose, %	3.7	3.1	6.4	5.1	2.7	4.1
Lack of efficacy of current therapy, %	5.1	7.5	6.4	8.7	2.7	7.6
Initiation of insulin therapy in basal visit according to results, %	26.5	20.4	14.6	21.2	50.0	20.2
Stop of insulin therapy in basal visit according to results, %	10.0	0.9	7.6	12.2	1.1	4.1
Change of insulin therapy in basal visit according to results, %	39.6	7.3	32.0	38.9	20.0	28.4

Abbreviations: IDMPS, International Diabetes Management Practices Study; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; SD, standard deviation; HbA1c; hemoglobin A1c; BP, blood pressure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; OGLD, oral glucose lowering drug.

Figure 1 Mean last HbA1c levels of insulin-treated patients with T1DM.

Abbreviations: HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Figure 2 Mean last HbA1c levels of insulin-treated patients with T2DM.

Abbreviations: HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.