Age-related hearing loss in individuals and their caregivers: effects of coping on the quality of life among the dyads

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample characteristics

	Patients (N=44) n (%)	Caregivers (N=44) n (%)
Sex
Females	19 (43)	27 (61)
Males	25 (57)	17 (39)
Age
Mean ± SD	70.63±9.47	64.4±12.79
Min–max	57–93	19–87
Marital status
Single	8 (18)	7 (16)
Couple	36 (82)	37 (84)
People living at home
0	9 (21)	7 (16)
≥1	35 (79)	36 (39)
Children at home
No	37 (84)	29 (83)
Yes	5 (16)	6 (17)
Educational level
Low (<12 years)	26 (59)	17 (39)
High (≥12 years)	18 (41)	24 (61)
Chronic disease
No	27 (64)	30 (68)
Yes	15 (36)	14 (32)
Visual deficit
No	24 (57)	24 (54)
Yes	18 (43)	20 (46)
Hearing aid use
No	13 (33)	N/A
Yes	26 (67)	N/A
Tinnitus
No	25 (57)	N/A
Yes	19 (43)	N/A
Dizziness
No	33 (75)	N/A
Yes	11 (25)	N/A

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; min–max, minimum–maximum; N/A, not applicable.

Figure 1 Comparisons (A) beneficiaries, (B) caregivers, of WHOQoL scores between the participants and French age- and sex-matched norms.

Note: The higher the scores, the higher the QoL level. Data from Baumann et al.¹⁹
Abbreviation: WHOQoL, World Health Organization Quality of Life.

Figure 2 Coping strategies used by patients and caregivers.

Note: Scores ranged from 0 to 100.

Table 2 Relationships between QoL scores and emotional status and coping strategies for patients

	Quality of life (WHOQoL)
	Physical	Psychological	Social	Environment
Emotional statusa
Anxiety
Sample	−0.407**	−0.389*	−0.220	−0.250
Bootstrap bias	0.017	0.005	0.002	0.010
95% CI	(−0.615, −0.134)	(−0.623, −0.088)	(−0.492, 0.076)	(−0.535, 0.082)
Mood disorders
Sample	−0.453**	−0.560**	−0.213	−0.178
Bootstrap bias	0.010	0.011	0.014	0.001
95% CI	(−0.688, −0.154)	(−0.740, −0.309)	(−0.483, 0.149)	(−0.490, 0.161)
Coping strategiesb
Social support
Sample	−0.205	0.153	0.272	0.047
Bootstrap bias	0.002	−0.006	−0.007	−0.001
95% CI	(−0.490, 0.114)	(−0.168, 0.420)	(−0.096, 0.570)	(−0.266, 0.345)
Problem solving
Sample	0.381*	0.506**	0.246	0.125
Bootstrap bias	0.005	−0.006	0.003	0.000
95% CI	(0.080, 0.650)	(0.214, 0.726)	(−0.060, 0.524)	(−0.167, 0.425)
Avoidance
Sample	−0.065	0.026	0.094	−0.042
Bootstrap bias	0.000	−0.002	−0.005	0.002
95% CI	(−0.338, 0.261)	(−0.258, 0.298)	(−0.189, 0.370)	(−0.322, 0.253)
Positive thinking
Sample	0.473**	0.467**	0.317*	0.322*
Bootstrap bias	−0.007	−0.007	−0.005	−0.003
95% CI	(0.226, 0.681)	(0.161, 0.708)	(−0.009, 0.599)	(0.014, 0.614)

Notes:

a VAS (visual analog scale) from 0 (less) to 10 (high level);

b coping strategies from the BriefCope questionnaire.

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: WHOQoL, World Health Organization Quality of Life; CI, confidence interval; BriefCope, Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Scale.

Table 3 Relationships between QoL scores and emotional status and coping strategies for caregivers

	Quality of life (WHOQoL)
	Physical	Psychological	Social	Environment
Emotional statusa
Anxiety
Sample	−0.319*	−0.644**	−0.519**	−0.289
Bootstrap bias	0.012	0.018	0.003	0.002
95% CI	(−0.564, −0.018)	(−0.770, −0.434)	(−0.676, −0.323)	(−0.561, −0.002)
Mood disorders
Sample	−0.271	−0.730**	−0.380*	−0.259
Bootstrap bias	0.005	0.007	0.005	0.000
95% CI	(−0.571, 0.040)	(−0.841, −0.566)	(−0.596, −0.140)	(−0.527, 0.042)
Coping strategiesb
Social support
Sample	0.089	−0.206	0.124	−0.029
Bootstrap bias	−0.011	0.004	−0.010	0.001
95% CI	(−0.229, 0.345)	(−0.495, 0.076)	(−0.230, 0.428)	(−0.327, 0.271)
Problem solving
Sample	0.317*	0.418**	0.338*	0.348
Bootstrap bias	0.006	0.000	−0.006	−0.012
95% CI	(−0.029, 0.609)*	(0.119, 0.675)	(0.020, 0.606)	(0.007, 0.625)
Avoidance
Sample	−0.020	−0.204	−0.037	0.059
Bootstrap bias	0.011	0.001	0.001	0.002
95% CI	(−0.320, 0.311)	(−0.489, 0.097)	(−0.380, 0.294)	(−0.252, 0.351)
Positive thinking
Sample	0.359*	0.558**	0.221	0.532**
Bootstrap bias	−0.006	−0.010	0.000	−0.008
95% CI	(0.067, 0.616)	(0.245, 0.763)	(−0.128, 0.536)	(0.256, 0.713)

Notes:

a VAS (visual analog scale) from 0 (less) to 10 (high level);

b coping strategies from the BriefCope questionnaire.

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: WHOQoL, World Health Organization Quality of Life; CI, confidence interval; BriefCope, Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Scale.

Table 4 Relationships between caregivers’ and patients’ scores

Patients	Caregivers
	WHOQoL				Copinga
	Physical	Psychological	Social	Environment	Social support	Problem solving	Avoidance	Positive thinking
WHOQoL
Physical
Sample	−0.165	0.074	0.093	0.203	0.361*	0.209	−0.058	0.101
Bootstrap bias	0.001	−0.007	−0.004	0.000	−0.014	−0.005	0.007	−0.002
95% CI	(−0.444, 0.142)	(−0.245, 0.368)	(−0.185, 0.342)	(−0.119, 0.474)	(0.067, 0.588)	(−0.084, 0.487)	(−0.327, 0.248)	(−0.206, 0.397)
Psychological
Sample	−0.123	0.054	0.135	0.096	0.278	0.258	0.054	0.109
Bootstrap bias	0.004	0.002	−0.003	−0.008	0.002	−0.007	−0.006	−0.006
95% CI	(−0.411, 0.207)	(−0.257, 0.357)	(−0.177, 0.430)	(−0.237, 0.381)	(−0.082, 0.608)	(−0.035, 0.524)	(−0.274, 0.354)	(−0.203, 0.419)
Social
Sample	0.143	0.190	0.371*	0.242	0.204	0.023	−0.109	0.321*
Bootstrap bias	−0.020	−0.005	−0.007	−0.003	−0.010	−0.004	0.004	−0.008
95% CI	(−0.230, 0.424)	(−0.163, 0.509)	(0.048, 0.624)	(−0.065, 0.524)	(−0.128, 0.491)	(−0.290, 0.329)	(−0.416, 0.232)	(0.004, 0.571)
Environment
Sample	0.163	0.325*	0.284	0.438**	0.235	0.348*	0.152	0.282
Bootstrap bias	−0.001	−0.009	−0.005	−0.004	−0.013	0.001	−0.001	0.000
95% CI	(−0.155, 0.478)	(0.007, 0.580)	(−0.056, 0.598)	(0.147, 0.677)	(−0.099, 0.532)	(0.052, 0.597)	(−0.142, 0.431)	(−0.025, 0.550)
Copinga
Social support
Sample	0.437**	0.116	0.045	0.054	0.070	0.162	0.019	0.272
Bootstrap bias	−0.009	0.000	−0.003	0.008	−0.005	−0.009	−0.002	0.001
95% CI	(0.167, 0.672)	(−0.220, 0.475)	(−0.295, 0.373)	(−0.282, 0.386)	(−0.246, 0.378)	(−0.138, 0.476)	(−0.320, 0.338)	(−0.077, 0.564)
Problem solving
Sample	−0.007	−0.123	−0.092	−0.054	0.358*	0.175	0.248	−0.066
Bootstrap bias	0.002	0.003	0.002	0.007	−0.004	−0.006	−0.001	0.000
95% CI	(−0.297, 0.309)	(−0.415, 0.191)	(−0.404, 0.226)	(−0.377, 0.293)	(0.006, 0.628)	(−0.164, 0.473)	(−0.074, 0.524)	(−0.399, 0.273)
Avoidance
Sample	0.057	−0.017	−0.182	−0.082	0.094	0.231	0.184	0.188
Bootstrap bias	0.000	0.000	−0.002	−0.009	0.011	0.014	−0.002	−0.004
95% CI	(−0.240, 0.361)	(−0.332, 0.295)	(−0.439, 0.115)	(−0.377, 0.194)	(−0.198, 0.390)	(−0.092, 0.512)	(−0.095, 0.463)	(−0.165, 0.473)
Positive thinking
Sample	−0.158	−0.144	0.025	0.193	0.271	0.163	0.400**	0.046
Bootstrap bias	0.002	0.007	0.011	−0.001	−0.007	0.002	−0.003	−0.001
95% CI	(−0.455, 0.152)	(−0.434, 0.182)	(−0.259, 0.322)	(−0.144, 0.495)	(−0.067, 0.556)	(−0.185, 0.470)	(0.073, 0.688)	(−0.243, 0.357)

Notes:

a Coping strategies from the BriefCope questionnaire.

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: WHOQoL, World Health Organization Quality of Life; CI, confidence interval; BriefCope, Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Scale.

BaumannCErpeldingMLRegatSCollinJFBrianconSThe WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire: French adult population norms for the physical health, psychological health and social relationship dimensionsRev Epidemiol Sante Publique2010581333920096515

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