The Universal Patient Centeredness Questionnaire: scaling approaches to reduce positive skew

Figures & data

Table 1 Background variables for the two response scale respondent groups

Variable	Standard scaling (n=2,744)	More positive scaling (n=2,317)	Sig
Gender			ns
Men (%)	48.6	47.6
Women (%)	51.4	52.4
Age, years			ns
Mean (SD)	65.1 (16.3)	65.3 (16.1)
Self-perceived health			***
Excellent	7.5	6.8
Very good	19.2	21.1
Good	33.3	37.9
Fairly good	25.2	23.6
Poor	14.7	10.6

Note:

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviations: Sig, significance; ns, not significant; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 UPC-Q total and item scores for the standard and more positively worded scales

UPC-Q components	Standard (n=2,744)	Positively worded (n=2,317)	Mean difference (P-value)
UPC-Q score, mean (SD)	65.4 (24.9)	57.5 (27.2)	7.9 (<0.001)
Most important aspect
Mean (SD)	63.8 (29.4)	56.7 (30.9)	7.1 (<0.001)
Lowest category, %	9.0	9.7
Second lowest category, %	8.1	17.2
Middle category, %	22.9	30.0
Second highest category, %	38.6	22.7
Highest category, %	21.4	20.4
Second most important aspect
Mean (SD)	60.6 (30.2)	52.9 (32.1)	7.7 (<0.001)
Lowest category, %	10.3	12.7
Second lowest category, %	10.4	20.1
Middle category, %	24.8	29.4
Second highest category, %	35.3	18.7
Highest category, %	19.2	19.2
Third most important aspect
Mean (SD)	58.2 (30.4)	49.4 (32.7)	8.8 (<0.001)
Lowest category, %	11.2	15.6
Second lowest category, %	12.9	23.0
Middle category, %	24.4	26.4
Second highest category, %	35.0	18.0
Highest category, %	16.5	17.0
Global experience item
Mean (SD)	68.4 (22.4)	58.0 (27.4)	10.4 (<0.001)
Lowest category, %	1.7	3.4
Second lowest category, %	6.6	20.6
Middle category, %	26.7	35.1
Second highest category, %	46.1	22.5
Highest category, %	18.8	18.5

Notes: Standard: poor, fairly good, good, very good, and excellent. Positively worded: poor, good, very good, exceptionally good, and excellent.

Abbreviations: UPC-Q, Universal Patient Centeredness Questionnaire; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Multilevel linear regression models: estimated fixed effects of response format and other background variables on patient centeredness scores

Variables	UPC-Q		General item
	Estimate	P-value	Estimate	P-value
Response format	−8.3	***	−10.8	***
Male (vs female)	−0.9	ns	−2.6	***
Age	0.1	*	0.04	ns
Self-perceived health	−4.8	***	−5.3	***
Routine admission (vs emergency)	−1.2	ns	−1.8	ns
Number of admissions in the last 2 years	−1.6	**	−0.7	ns

Notes:

*** P<0.001;

** P<0.01;

* P<0.05.

Abbreviations: ns, not significant; UPC-Q, Universal Patient Centeredness Questionnaire.