Psychometric properties of the Ruminative Response Scale-short form in a clinical sample of patients with major depressive disorder

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample characteristics (N=109)

Characteristics	Mean ± SD or N (%)
Sociodemographic data
Age (years)	48.0±12.2
Gender
Women	62.0 (56.9)
Marital status
Couple	49.0 (45.0)
Living arrangement
Alone	39.0 (35.8)
Education level
University level	69.0 (63.3)
Employment status
Unemployed	68.0 (63.0)
Clinical data
Duration of illness (years)	9.1±8.2
Age at illness onset	37.6±12.8
Number of hospitalizations	1.8±2.1
First episode of depression
Yes	11 (13.1)
BDI score*	16.0±7.9
BDI score $16*	58 (55.8)
STAI-S score	55.6±12.7
Quality of life data
SF-36
Physical composite score	43.3±10.0
Mental composite score	30.3±11.2

Note:

* BDI score $16 corresponding to a diagnosis of severe depression.

Abbreviations: BDI, Beck depression inventory; STAI-S, state-trait anxiety inventory, situational or state anxiety; SF-36, 36-item short form health survey.

Figure 1 Ruminative Response Scale-short form with ten items.

Abbreviations: RMSEA, root-mean-square error of approximation; CFI, comparative fit index; SRMR, standardized root-mean-square residual; AIC, Akaike information criterion.

Figure 2 Ruminative Response Scale-short form with nine items.

Abbreviations: RMSEA, root-mean-square error of approximation; CFI, comparative fit index; SRMR, standardized root-mean-square residual; AIC, Akaike information criterion.

Table 2 Dimension characteristics of the RRS-short form

Dimension/index (number of items)	Mean ± SD	Missing values N %	Item-internal consistency (min–max)	Item discriminant validity (min–max)	Floor %	Ceiling %	Alphaa	INFITb (min–max)
Brooding (5)	13.22±3.64	6 (5.5)	0.698–0.836	0.348–0.607	4.85	3.88	0.832	0.76–1.22
Reflection (4)	10.75±2.77	7 (6.4)	0.725–0.766	0.339–0.584	0.98	1.96	0.744	0.95–1.04
Index (9)	13.22±3.64	6 (5.5)	0.698–0.836	0.348–0.607	4.85	3.88	0.832	0.76–1.22

Notes:

a Cronbach’s alpha;

b Rasch’s statistics.

Abbreviations: RRS, Ruminative Response Scale; INFIT, inlier-sensitive fit.

Table 3 External validity of the RRS-short form

Characteristics	Brooding	Reflection	RRS index
Age (years)
r	−0.197	−0.195	−0.215
P-value	0.025	0.052	0.032
Gender, mean ± SD
Females (N=62)	13.31±3.79	10.96±2.9	24.39±5.99
Males (N=47)	13.11±3.47	10.49±2.59	23.68±5.42
P-value	0.782	0.391	0.538
Number of hospitalisations
r	0.235	0.169	0.229
P-value	0.069	0.193	0.076
Age at illness onset (years)
r	−0.219	−0.303	−0.275
P-value	0.054	0.007	0.016
BDI score
r	0.594	0.501	0.611
P-value	0.000	0.000	0.000
STAI-S score
r	0.518	0.327	0.475
P-value	0.000	0.001	0.000
SF-36 score
Physical functioning
r	−0.178	−0.235	−0.224
P-value	0.072	0.018	0.025
Social functioning
r	−0.514	−0.437	−0.546
P-value	0.000	0.000	0.000
Role physical
r	−0.332	−0.245	−0.338
P-value	0.001	0.013	0.001
Role emotional
r	−0.338	−0.292	−0.366
P-value	0.001	0.003	0.000
Mental Health
r	−0.631	−0.448	−0.617
P-value	0.000	0.000	0.000
Vitality
r	−0.524	−0.378	−0.520
P-value	0.000	0.000	0.000
Bodily pain
r	−0.313	−0.285	−0.350
P-value	0.001	0.004	0.000
General health
r	−0.385	−0.362	−0.437
P-value	0.000	0.000	0.000
Physical component summary score
r	−0.207	−0.212	−0.245
P-value	0.041	0.037	0.016
Mental component summary score
r	−0.559	−0.425	−0.569
P-value	0.000	0.000	0.000

Notes: r, Pearson’s coefficient; significant associations (P<0.05) are in bold.

Abbreviations: RRS, Ruminative Response Scale; BDI, Beck depression inventory; STAI-S, state-trait anxiety inventory, situational or state anxiety; SF-36, 36-item short form health survey.