Effect of caregivers’ expressed emotion on the care burden and rehospitalization rate of schizophrenia

Figures & data

Table 1 The general information of patients and main caregivers

Subjects’ attributes	n (%)
Patients
Gender
Male	22 (34.4)
Female	42 (65.6)
Age, years
<20	35 (54.7)
20–50	27 (42.2)
>50	2 (3.1)
Marital status
Married	17 (26.6)
Unmarried	45 (70.3)
Divorced	1 (1.6)
Widowed	1 (1.6)
Vocational status
Student	35 (54.7)
Worker	12 (18.8)
Farmer	2 (3.1)
Leader	1 (1.6)
Jobless	2 (3.1)
Others	12 (18.8)
Educational level
Primary school	6 (9.4)
Middle school	21 (32.8)
High school	17 (26.6)
College degree or above	20 (31.3)
Caregivers
Gender
Male	20 (31.3)
Female	44 (68.8)
Age, years
<30	4 (6.3)
30–50	18 (76.2)
>50	11 (17.5)
Marital status
Married	57 (89.1)
Unmarried	4 (6.3)
Divorced	2 (3.1)
Widowed	1 (1.6)
Vocational status
Worker	25 (39.7)
Farmer	14 (22.2)
Leader	1 (1.6)
Jobless	3 (4.8)
Others	20 (31.7)
Educational level
Primary	16 (28.1)
Junior middle school	23 (40.4)
High school	8 (14.0)
College degree or above	10 (17.5)
Residence
Rural	35 (54.7)
Cities and towns	29 (45.3)
Family’s monthly income (RMB)
<3,000	34 (54)
3,000–7,000	23 (36.5)
>7,000	6 (9.5)
Time for patient per day (hours)
<3	18 (28.6)
3–6	11 (17.5)
6–9	11 (17.5)
>9	23 (36.5)
Health status of caregiver
Poor	7 (11.1)
General	30 (47.6)
Better	26 (41.3)
Relationship of caregiver and patient
Parents	47 (78.3)
Spouse	8 (13.3)
Sibling	2 (3.3)
Other relatives or non-relatives	3 (5.0)

Note: RMB is the China Yuan (CNY).

Table 2 Results of care burden, rehospitalization rate, and medication compliance at different time points

Variables	Baseline	Sixth month	Twelfth month	Statistic value	P-value
Subjective demand burden	14.162±0.402	12.703±0.222	12.351±0.170	9.357a	0.000
Subjective stress burden	15.973±0.362	14.000±0.363	14.081±0.304	14.246a	0.000
Objective burden	20.622±0.489	18.676±0.386	18.459±0.383	14.578a	0.000
Rehospitalization rate (%)		25	29.7		0.006b
Medication compliance (%)		68.2	59.1		0.000b

Notes:

a F value from repeated measures ANOVAs.

b P-value from Fisher’s exact test.

Abbreviation: ANOVA, analysis of variance.

Table 3 The influence of different patterns of EE on care burden and rehospitalization rate

Care burden/rehospitalization rate	Main effect of time		Main effect of EE		Interaction between time and EE
	F*	P-value	F*	P-value	F*	P-value
Objective burden	13.080	0.000	0.76	0.389	3.604	0.032
Subjective stress burden	10.652	0.000	8.012	0.008	0.485	0.618
Subjective demand burden	11.671	0.000	0.929	0.342	0.635	0.533
Rehospitalization rate	0.095	0.760	7.336	0.010	0.575	0.453

Notes:

* Repeated measures ANOVAs. The significant influence existed when P<0.05 (shown in bold).

Abbreviations: EE, expressed emotion; ANOVA, analysis of variance.

Figure 1 The correlation analysis.

Notes: (A) The association between objective burden and time. (B) The association between subjective stress burden and time. (C) The association between subjective demand burden and time. (D) The association between rehospitalization rate and time.
Abbreviations: LEE, low expressed emotion; HEE, high expressed emotion.