Examining the health-related quality of life using EQ-5D-5L in patients with four kinds of chronic diseases from specialist outpatient clinics in Hong Kong SAR, China

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of patients with four different kinds of chronic diseases

Characteristics	Heart disease, N (%)	Diabetes, N (%)	Hypertension, N (%)	Cancer, N (%)
Total	700 (100)	773 (100)	2,500 (100)	174 (100)
Gender
Male	386 (55.1)	392 (50.7)	1,136 (44.5)	76 (43.7)
Female	314 (44.9)	381 (49.3)	1,417 (55.5)	98 (56.3)
Age group (years)
18–40	40 (5.7)	33 (4.3)	58 (2.3)	10 (5.7)
41–60	245 (35)	269 (34.8)	786 (30.8)	80 (46.0)
≥61	415 (59.3)	471 (60.9)	1,709 (66.9)	84 (48.3)
Education#
No education	60 (8.6)	102 (13.2)	345 (13.5)	16 (9.2)
Primary	204 (29.1)	247 (32.0)	931 (36.5)	48 (27.6)
Secondary	279 (39.9)	327 (42.3)	1,004 (39.2)	79 (45.4)
Post-secondary	61 (8.7)	37 (4.8)	96 (3.8)	12 (6.9)
Tertiary or above	94 (13.4)	59 (7.6)	166 (6.5)	19 (10.9)
Involved in decision making
Yes, definitely	168 (24.0)	157 (20.3)	491 (19.2)	36 (20.7)
Yes, to some extent	209 (29.9)	271 (35.1)	919 (36.0)	40 (23.0)
No	323 (46.1)	345 (44.6)	1,143 (44.8)	98 (56.3)
Case group
New case	64 (9.1)	105 (13.6)	455 (17.8)	34 (19.5)
Old case	636 (90.9)	668 (86.4)	2,091 (82.2)	140 (80.5)
Received government allowance
Yes	255 (36.4)	308 (39.8)	1,124 (44.0)	54 (31.0)
No	445 (63.6)	465 (60.2)	1,429 (56.0)	120 (69.0)
Current living status
Live alone	47 (6.8)	51 (6.6)	162 (6.4)	11 (6.4)
Live with family/others	648 (93.1)	719 (93.0)	2,369 (93.0)	160 (93.0)
Live in institution##	1 (0.1)	3 (0.4)	17 (0.7)	1 (0.6)
Current work status
Retired	332 (47.5)	354 (45.9)	1,345 (53.0)	58 (33.3)
Unemployment	126 (18.0)	149 (19.3)	491 (19.3)	60 (34.5)
Employment	241 (34.5)	269 (34.8)	704 (27.7)	56 (32.2)

Notes:

# Excluding the patients who refused to answer.

## Not involved in analysis.

Table 2 Distribution of EQ-5D-5L score of patients with four different kinds of chronic diseases and comorbidities

Characteristics	Heart disease		Diabetes		Hypertension		Cancer		Comorbidities
	Mean (SE)	p-value	Mean (SE)	p-value	Mean (SE)	p-value	Mean (SE)	p-value	Mean (SE)	p-value
EQ-5D score	0.882 (0.207)		0.874 (0.198)		0.881		0.873 (0.189)		0.823 (0.241)
Gender		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		0.04		<0.001
Male	0.926 (0.006)		0.899 (0.009)		0.912 (0.005)		0.885 (0.018)		0.867 (0.007)
Female	0.828 (0.015)		0.848 (0.010)		0.856 (0.006)		0.863 (0.021)		0.785 (0.009)
Age group (years)		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		0.07		<0.001
18–40	0.936 (0.017)		0.942 (0.019)		0.961 (0.011)		0.923 (0.034)		0.878 (0.071)
41–60	0.925 (0.008)		0.919 (0.008)		0.922 (0.005)		0.868 (0.022)		0.898 (0.008)
≥61	0.851 (0.012)		0.843 (0.01)		0.859 (0.005)		0.841 (0.021)		0.801 (0.007)
Education		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		0.02		<0.001
No education	0.736 (0.052)		0.788 (0.024)		0.797 (0.013)		0.858 (0.068)		0.734 (0.018)
Primary	0.844 (0.015)		0.857 (0.013)		0.857 (0.006)		0.849 (0.027)		0.801 (0.010)
Secondary	0.911 (0.009)		0.902 (0.009)		0.920 (0.004)		0.875 (0.017)		0.873 (0.008)
Post-secondary	0.929 (0.013)		0.903 (0.024)		0.932 (0.011)		0.898 (0.0620)		0.909 (0.020)
Tertiary or above	0.942 (0.013)		0.917 (0.017)		0.925 (0.013)		0.934 (0.029)		0.885 (0.015)
Involved in decision making		0.265		<0.01		<0.01		0.7		0.62
Yes, definitely	0.897 (0.014)		0.875 (0.016)		0.883 (0.009)		0.855 (0.041)		0.821 (0.016)
Yes, to some extent	0.874 (0.013)		0.883 (0.011)		0.893 (0.006)		0.846 (0.035)		0.826 (0.009)
No	0.879 (0.012)		0.866 (0.012)		0.871 (0.006)		0.891 (0.014)		0.812 (0.009)
Case group		0.04		<0.01		0.02		0.42		0.33
New case	0.902 (0.019)		0.885 (0.016)		0.895 (0.008)		0.883 (0.022)		0.821 (0.020)
Old case	0.880 (0.008)		0.872 (0.008)		0.878 (0.004)		0.871 (0.017)		0.824 (0.006)
Received government allowance		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		0.01		<0.001
Yes	0.807 (0.018)		0.812 (0.013)		0.823 (0.007)		0.805 (0.036)		0.757 (0.009)
No	0.926 (0.006)		0.915 (0.007)		0.928 (0.003)		0.903 (0.012)		0.901 (0.006)
Current living status		<0.001		<0.001		0.029		<0.05		0.01
Live alone	0.881 (0.008)		0.830 (0.027)		0.814 (0.002)		0.759 (0.096)		0.757 (0.027)
Live with family/others	0.907 (0.022)		0.879 (0.007)		0.879 (0.004)		0.881 (0.014)		0.832 (0.006)
Current work status		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001		<0.001
Retired	0.847 (0.014)		0.825 (0.013)		0.846 (0.006)		0.865 (0.026)		0.786 (0.008)
Unemployment	0.867 (0.017)		0.861 (0.015)		0.892 (0.007)		0.813 (0.030)		0.835 (0.012)
Employment	0.938 (0.006)		0.946 (0.006)		0.939 (0.004)		0.945 (0.009)		0.930 (0.006)

Abbreviation: EQ-5D-5L, EuroQoL 5 Dimensions.

Figure 1 Proportion of respondents for different levels of the EQ-5D-5L by dimension.

Abbreviation: EQ-5D-5L, EuroQoL5 Dimensions.

Table 3 Two-part model: estimating the EQ-5D-5L scores

Variable	Model 1: two part; chronic conditions without socioeconomics		Model 2: two part; chronic conditions with socioeconomics
	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE
Part 1: logistic regression: the likelihood of respondents reporting full health
Heart disease	−0.230***	0.033	−0.194***	0.034
Diabetes	−0.185***	0.031	−0.117***	0.031
Hypertension	−0.197***	0.024	−0.042	0.026
Cancer	−0.332***	0.078	−0.274**	0.081
Female			−0.223***	0.024
41–60 years			−0.236***	0.037
≥61 years			−0.218***	0.046
Primary			0.145**	0.042
Secondary			0.254***	0.043
Post-secondary			0.393***	0.060
Tertiary or above			0.401***	0.054
To some extent involved			0.110***	0.031
Not involved in decision making			−0.078**	0.029
Old case			−0.103***	0.028
No government allowance			0.339***	0.033
Live with family/others			0.192***	0.050
Live in institution			−0.243	0.169
Unemployment			−0.082*	0.038
Employment			0.104**	0.039
Comorbidities			−0.078	0.061
Part 2: OLS regression: EQ-5D-5L scores of respondents reporting non-full health
Heart disease	−0.039***	0.007	−0.018***	0.007
Diabetes	−0.035***	0.007	0.003	0.005
Hypertension	−0.041***	0.005	−0.015*	0.006
Cancer	−0.039***	0.004	−0.025*	0.017
Female			−0.019***	0.006
41–60 years			−0.009	0.009
≥61 years			0.002	0.011
Primary			0.045***	0.008
Secondary			0.056***	0.008
Post-secondary			0.071***	0.139
Tertiary or above			0.073***	0.012
To some extent involved			0.054***	0.007
Not involved in decision making			−0.013*	0.006
Old case			0.001	0.006
No government allowance			0.102***	0.007
Live with family/others			0.032**	0.011
Live in institution			−0.268***	0.030
Unemployment			0.017	0.008
Employment			0.046***	0.009
Comorbidities			−0.026*	0.013

Note:

* p<0.05,

** p<0.01,

*** p<0.001.

Abbreviations: EQ-5D-5L, EuroQoL 5 Dimensions; OLS, ordinary least squares; SE, standard error.