Correlates of preferences for autonomy in long-term care: results of a population-based survey among older individuals in Germany

Figures & data

Table 1 Bivariate associations between preferences for autonomy in long-term care and independent variables

Independent variables	Shared decision-making			Choice for foods			Bedtime and sleep duration			Decent and sanitary housing			Customized living space
	Low preferences (38; 3.8%)	High preferences (960; 96.2%)	P-value	Low preferences (178; 17.8%)	High preferences (820; 82.2%)	P-value	Low preferences (42; 4.2%)	High preferences (954; 95.8%)	P-value	Low preferences (21; 2.1%)	High preferences (982; 97.9%)	P-value	Low preferences (70; 7.0%)	High preferences (927; 93.0%)	P-value
Age: mean (SD)	76.1 (7.4)	75.6 (6.6)	P=0.68	75.8 (6.5)	75.6 (6.6)	P=0.71	77.6 (6.6)	75.6 (6.6)	P<0.10	75.6 (7.7)	75.6 (6.6)	P=0.96	76.7 (6.9)	75.5 (6.6)	P=0.16
Sex: n (%)			P=0.64			P=0.81			P=0.50			P<0.05			P<0.01
Male	15 (3.5%)	416 (96.5%)		76 (17.5%)	358 (82.5%)		16 (3.7%)	415 (96.3%)		14 (3.2%)	420 (96.8%)		43 (10.0%)	387 (90.0%)
Female	23 (4.1%)	544 (95.9%)		102 (18.1%)	462 (81.9%)		26 (4.6%)	539 (95.4%)		7 (1.2%)	562 (98.8%)		27 (4.8%)	540 (95.2%)
Living situation: n (%)			P=0.53			P<0.05			P=0.70			P=0.71			P<0.10
Living with partner or spouse	13 (3.3%)	377 (96.7%)		56 (14.4%)	333 (85.6%)		15 (3.9%)	370 (96.1%)		9 (2.3%)	381 (97.7%)		34 (8.7%)	355 (91.3%)
Others	25 (4.1%)	583 (95.9%)		122 (20.0%)	487 (80.0%)		27 (4.4%)	584 (95.6%)		12 (2.0%)	601 (98.0%)		36 (5.9%)	572 (94.1%)
Region: n (%)			P=0.32			P=0.38			P=0.63			P<0.10			P=0.36
East Germany	7 (2.8%)	246 (97.2%)		41 (16.0%)	215 (84.0%)		12 (4.7%)	241 (95.3%)		2 (0.8%)	254 (99.2%)		21 (8.3%)	232 (91.7%)
West Germany	31 (4.2%)	714 (95.8%)		137 (18.5%)	605 (81.5%)		30 (4.0%)	713 (96.0%)		19 (2.5%)	728 (97.5%)		49 (6.6%)	695 (93.4%)
Education: n (%)			P=0.25			P=0.35			P=1.0			P=0.22			P=0.70
Without a vocational degree	2 (2.7%)	72 (97.3%)		13 (17.8%)	60 (82.2%)		3 (4.1%)	70 (95.9%)		2 (2.7%)	72 (97.3%)		5 (6.8%)	69 (93.2%)
Apprenticeship, full-time vocational school	11 (2.9%)	368 (97.1%)		67 (17.7%)	311 (82.3%)		16 (4.2%)	361 (95.8%)		7 (1.8%)	373 (98.2%)		31 (8.2%)	347 (91.8%)
Professional school or trade and technical school for vocational education	8 (3.3%)	233 (96.7%)		52 (21.4%)	191 (78.6%)		10 (4.1%)	233 (95.9%)		2 (0.8%)	242 (99.2%)		14 (5.8%)	228 (94.2%)
University, university of applied sciences, school of engineering	17 (5.7%)	281 (94.3%)		46 (15.4%)	252 (84.6%)		12 (4.0%)	285 (96.0%)		10 (3.3%)	289 (96.7%)		20 (6.7%)	278 (93.3%)
Place of birth: n (%)			P=0.95			P<0.1			P=0.95			P=0.74			P<0.05
Born abroad	3 (4.0%)	73 (96.0%)		19 (25.3%)	56 (74.7%)		3 (4.0%)	72 (96.0%)		2 (2.6%)	74 (97.4%)		10 (13.2%)	66 (86.8%)
Born in Germany	35 (3.8%)	884 (96.2%)		159 (17.3%)	761 (82.7%)		38 (4.1%)	880 (95.9%)		19 (2.1%)	905 (97.9%)		60 (6.5%)	859 (93.5%)
Has children: n (%)			P<0.01			P=0.87			P<0.10			P=0.74			P=0.90
No	13 (8.0%)	149 (92.0%)		30 (18.3%)	134 (81.7%)		11 (6.7%)	152 (93.3%)		4 (2.4%)	160 (97.6%)		11 (6.8%)	151 (93.2%)
Yes	25 (3.0%)	810 (97.0%)		148 (17.8%)	685 (82.2%)		30 (3.6%)	802 (96.4%)		17 (2.0%)	821 (98.0%)		59 (7.1%)	775 (92.9%)
Status of health insurance: n (%)			P<0.01			P=0.74			P=0.40			P=0.21			P=0.48
Statutory health insurance	27 (3.2%)	825 (96.8%)		151 (17.7%)	700 (82.3%)		37 (4.3%)	814 (95.7%)		16 (1.9%)	840 (98.1%)		58 (6.8%)	794 (93.2%)
Private health insurance	11 (7.8%)	131 (92.2%)		27 (18.9%)	116 (81.1%)		4 (2.8%)	137 (97.2%)		5 (3.5%)	138 (96.5%)		12 (8.5%)	130 (91.5%)
Provided care for family/friends: n (%)			P=0.28			P=0.12			P=0.56			P=0.19			P=0.39
No	15 (3.1%)	464 (96.9%)		76 (15.9%)	403 (84.1%)		22 (4.6%)	455 (95.4%)		13 (2.7%)	467 (97.3%)		37 (7.8%)	440 (92.2%)
Yes	23 (4.4%)	495 (95.6%)		102 (19.7%)	416 (80.3%)		20 (3.9%)	498 (96.1%)		8 (1.5%)	514 (98.5%)		33 (6.4%)	486 (93.6%)
Level of care: n (%)			P=0.40			P=0.12			P=0.68			P=0.43			P=0.56
No	1 (1.7%)	58 (98.3%)		6 (10.2%)	53 (89.8%)		3 (5.2%)	55 (94.8%)		2 (3.4%)	57 (96.6%)		3 (5.1%)	56 (94.9%)
Yes	36 (3.8%)	900 (96.2%)		170 (18.2%)	766 (81.8%)		38 (4.1%)	897 (95.9%)		18 (1.9%)	923 (98.1%)		66 (7.1%)	869 (92.9%)
Self-rated health (from 1= very bad to 5= very good): mean (SD)	3.7 (1.0)	3.6 (0.9)	P=0.82	3.8 (0.9)	3.6 (0.9)	P<0.05	3.7 (0.9)	3.6 (0.9)	P=0.65	3.7 (1.0)	3.6 (0.9)	P=0.66	3.5 (1.0)	3.6 (0.9)	P=0.24
Involvement in the issue of need for care (from 1= very little to 5= very much): mean (SD)	2.8 (1.7)	2.9 (1.4)	P=0.82	3.0 (1.5)	2.9 (1.4)	P=0.22	2.9 (1.5)	2.9 (1.4)	P=0.95	2.4 (1.3)	2.9 (1.4)	P=0.14	2.6 (1.6)	2.9 (1.4)	P<0.10

Note: Comparisons between the two groups were done using t-test and chi-square procedures.

Table 2 Predictors of preferences for autonomy in long-term care: results of multiple logistic regressions (for each outcome measure: 0= low preferences; 1= high preferences)

Independent variables	Shared decision-making	Choice for foods	Bedtime and sleep duration	Decent and sanitary housing	Customized living space
Age	0.98 (0.93–1.03)	0.98 (0.95–1.00)	0.95 (0.90–1.00)*	1.02 (0.95–1.09)	0.98 (0.94–1.02)
Sex (Ref: male)	0.75 (0.34–1.64)	1.31 (0.88–1.95)	1.03 (0.47–2.27)	2.17 (0.72–6.56)	2.49 (1.38–4.50)**
Living situation (Ref: living with partner or spouse)	1.14 (0.54–2.42)	0.67 (0.46–0.98)*	0.91 (0.43–1.95)	0.94 (0.34–2.61)	1.11 (0.63–1.96)
West and East Germany (Ref: East Germany)	0.57 (0.19–1.66)	0.96 (0.60–1.53)	1.56 (0.69–3.52)	0.19 (0.02–1.64)	1.44 (0.76–2.70)
Apprenticeship, full-time vocational school (Ref: without a vocational degree)	1.41 (0.37–5.41)	1.07 (0.55–2.09)	0.75 (0.20–2.86)	2.31 (0.42–12.79)	0.64 (0.22–1.87)
Professional school or trade and technical school for vocational education	0.85 (0.22–3.29)	0.80 (0.40–1.59)	0.78 (0.19–3.25)	10.82 (0.66–177.20)+	1.14 (0.36–3.64)
University, university of applied sciences, school of engineering	0.85 (0.21–3.41)	1.22 (0.59–2.51)	0.76 (0.17–3.28)	0.85 (0.15–4.66)	1.08 (0.35–3.36)
German born (Ref: no)	1.48 (0.50–4.41)	1.92 (1.11–3.32)*	1.08 (0.31–3.82)	1.42 (0.38–5.29)	3.68 (1.92–7.07)***
Children (Ref: no children)	2.05 (0.92–4.61)+	0.86 (0.53–1.40)	2.22 (1.01–4.86)*	1.04 (0.31–3.45)	1.27 (0.63–2.55)
Status of health insurance (Ref: statutory health insurance)	0.45 (0.19–1.06)+	0.80 (0.49–1.30)	1.23 (0.41–3.66)	0.90 (0.32–2.57)	0.92 (0.44–1.90)
Provided care for family/friends (Ref: no)	0.55 (0.26–1.15)	0.86 (0.60–1.23)	1.47 (0.71–3.03)	1.01 (0.40–2.57)	0.82 (0.48–1.39)
Level of care (Ref: no)	0.92 (0.20–4.27)	0.62 (0.26–1.47)	0.72 (0.16–3.31)	2.55 (0.45–14.44)	0.56 (0.13–2.34)
Self-rated health (from 1= very bad to 5= very good)	1.38 (0.94–2.02)	0.78 (0.64–0.95)*	0.98 (0.67–1.45)	1.10 (0.68–1.79)	1.09 (0.82–1.45)
Involvement in the issue of need for care (from 1= very little to 5= very much)	1.21 (0.93–1.56)	0.92 (0.81–1.04)	0.95 (0.74–1.22)	1.36 (0.96–1.92)+	1.20 (0.99–1.45)+
Constant	115.65 (0.28–48,301.93)	143.70 (5.89–3,507.38)**	1,105.87 (2.69–454,533.52)*	0.50 (0.00–1,178.84)	6.56 (0.05–833.79)
Observations	978	978	976	983	978
Pseudo R^2	0.06	0.03	0.04	0.12	0.08

Notes: Odds ratios are reported with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses.

+ P<0.10,

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01, and

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviation: Ref, reference.

Table S1 Predictors of preferences for autonomy in long-term care

Independent variables	Shared decision-making	Choice for foods	Bedtime and sleep duration	Decent and sanitary housing	Customized living space
Age			0.95 (0.90–0.99)*
Sex (Ref: male)				3.12 (1.24–7.85)*	2.39 (1.45–3.94)***
Living situation (Ref: living with partner or spouse)		0.70 (0.50–0.98)*
German born (Ref: no)		1.87 (1.10–3.17)*			3.67 (1.99–6.76)***
Children (Ref: no children)			2.18* (1.02–4.64)
Status of health insurance (Ref: statutory health insurance)	0.44 (0.21–0.90)*
Self-rated health (from 1= very bad to 5= very good)		0.78 (0.65–0.94)**
Constant	71.60 (26.38–194.34)***	8.14 (3.43–19.33)***	800.02 (20.38–31,406.36)***	8.69 (2.41–31.32)***	1.14 (0.47–2.77)
Observations	978	978	976	983	978
Pseudo R^2	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.05

Notes: Results of multiple logistic regressions (for each outcome measure: 0= low preferences; 1= high preferences) (using backward elimination, with P<0.05). Odds ratios are reported with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses.

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01, and

*** P<0.001.

Abbreviation: Ref, reference.